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into the pressure vessel and through several layers of membranes separated by spacers and isolated from each other by watertight seals. The product may be the filtrate, as in water purification, or the filter cake (as in cheese production, for instance). The larger particles are collected on the microfilter and disposed of with the filter as solid waste, or harvested. The seals between each membrane chamber must be intact to maintain pressure in the system and to avoid leakage of unfiltered feed water into the product stream. Microfiltration cartridge modules come in three basic configurations: dead-end filtration, flow-through filtration, and cross-flow filtration cartridges. In dead-end filtration, the pressurized feed stream flows into a dead-end filter receptacle, passes through the filter, then exits from the inside of the filter. All of the water passes though the filter, and the particulates are left in the depths of the filter. For this reason, the microfilters are called depth filters. These tubular filters have walls of varying thickness depending on the effective pore size. Some are actually string wound around a perforated tube. Flow-through filtration is similar except the water flows through the module from the outside of the filter to the inside then exits at the opposite end. The filter itself is usually still a depth filter, and all of the water passes through the filter. Cross-flow filtration has more in common with the other membrane processes than with the two just described. Feed water flows under pressure across the membrane surface. Part of the flow is filtered through the membrane and part remains with the particulate load, exiting through a reject port. The reject can be recycled though the system or discarded. Pleated membrane cartridges are mostly used in flow-through microfiltration. The cartridge is composed of an interior core support surrounded by ,pleated polypropylene support layers that enclose and support the membrane. A molded polypropylene protective cage surrounds the whole module. In flow-through filtration mode, feed water enters at one end of the module and flows through the membrane from the outside to the inside. Particulates are retained on or within the membrane. The membrane is disposed of when the flow rate decreases by an amount specified by the manufacturer. Some pleated membrane cartridges can be back-flushed at low pressure, considerably extending their useful life (Porter, 1990). Both sides of the membrane must have adequate support to withstand backflushing. Osmonics’ line of pleated cartridge filters may be operated at two-thirds to one half the maximum forward differential pressure under reverse flow, depending on the membrane material (Osmonics !i”echnical Document, 1986). With modification, some pleated membrane cartridges can be adapted for use in cross-flow filtration.PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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