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Depending on the application, plate and frame modules may be stacked flat or hung vertically from a support beam. The individual frames can be taken out and cleaned or replaced when needed without dismantling the whole assembly. Tubular membranes are composed of a porous support tube with the membrane material deposited on the inside surface. Rhone-Poulenc produces Garbo-sep ultrafiltration membranes that use porous carbon support tubes plated on the inside with zirconium. The tubes have a diameter of 6 mm and hundreds can be packed in a single stainless steel or plastic pressure vessel. A/G Technology Corporation produces polysulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes with internal diameters of 0.5 and 1.0 mm. These tubes are true anisotropic membranes with a microporous substructure and finely porous internal surface layer. Like tubular microfilters, both models have inside to outside flow paths. Feed water enters through the interior of the tubes and permeates to the outside. Product water is collected from permeate ports on the side of the module. Concentrate exits opposite the feed end. Table 3.2 compares aspects of each configuration. Cost/area refers to installation cost relative to the membrane area within the module. Tubular membranes have a comparatively high installation cost per area because a given module size has less surface area than the other types. Plate and frame configurations are costly because of the hardware involved for each section of membrane. Replacement costs differ because of differences in the components that must be replaced when the membranes go bad. In tubular, hollow fiber, and spiral wound configurations, the whole module must be replaced. In the plate and frame configuration, only the sheet of membrane must be replaced. If labor costs are included, plate and frame modules are still most expensive to replace. Comparing the water flux of different configurations is not easy. If all other factors are equal, the amount of water ,passing through the membrane depends on the membrane thickness. Because the actual membrane layer inside the tube is quite thin, tubular membranes can have as high a water flux as other configurations using thicker membranes. Unfortunately, different configurations of ultrafilters are not directly comparable from the specification sheets. Test parameters are different or may not even be specified. Therefore, the flux ratings given in the tables in chapter 10 should be taken as a very rough comparison of performance. Packing density refers to the ratio of surface area to module volume. Tubes are not as compact as other configurations, but they have other advantages that compensate. Hold-up volume refers to the volume required to till the system before filtration takes place. Since tubular filters have a greater volume to surface area ratio, they also have a greater hold-up volume. Their high hold-up volume also means tubular membranes require the most energy.PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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