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Tubular Installation Cost/Area High Membrane Replacement Cost High [not including labor) Flux (GSFD) Good Packing Density (m2/m3) POW Hold-up Volume High Energy Consumption High Fouling Excellent (From Porter, 1990) Hollow fiber LOW Moderate Fair/Poor Excellent LOW LOW POOf Plate and frame High LOW Excellent/Good Good/Fair Medium Medium Good/Fair Spiral wound LOW Moderate/Low Good Good Medium Medium Good/Fair Table 3.2. - Comparison of ultrafiltration configurations. However, configuration allows a greater volume of water to pass through which alleviates fouling problems. Membranes made of durable metallic materials can withstand harsh cleaning regimes. Some can even be cleaned during operation by introducing sponge rubber balls slightly larger than the diameter of the tube. Hollow fiber membranes are not easy to clean. Their diameters are so small that they can be clogged completely if larger particles get into. the feed stream. If cleaning solutions cannot remove the clog, the fiber can be taken out of commission by blocking it off at both ends. Using cleaning solutions, spiral wound modules can be cleaned effectively, although they cannot be back-washed. Glued seams tend to absorb water and burst if clean water is introduced into the product side of the membrane. Plate and frame modules can be thoroughly cleaned, but they must be taken apart and each frame cleaned separately. 3.3 Ultrafiltration Separation Mechanism Because ultrafilters do not have a sharp pore size cutoff, solute flux is mainly attributed to what is washed through the larger pores. Therefore, any parameter that increases solvent flux also increases solute flux. Pressure is proportional to flux up to a point, although pressure also contributes to surface concentration. At first, these dual effects-increased water flux and increased surface concentration-work together to increase solute flux. When surface concentration increases to the point where a gel layer forms at the surface, solute flux begins to stabilize. The gel buildup around the edges of pores shrinks their diameter. As a result, the water flux levels off, and solute passage declines. Further increases in pressure do not affect flux until compaction of the gel layer occurs. Then, both water and solute flux decline rapidly. Other parameters being equal, higher solute concentration causes the gel layer to .build up sooner, and equalizes solute and water fluxes earlier after cleaning than does low solute concentration. tubular membranes excel in the maintenance department. The tubularPDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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