PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 031
The cross-flow velocity of the feed stream has a positive effect on water flux. Higher velocity causes higher flux of water and solute. When operated with concentrate recirculation though, solvent flux decreases with increasing feed concentration until it reaches zero, when the feed concentration equals the gel concentration at the membrane surface. The effect of pH on ultrafiltration flux depends on its effect on the solubility or structure of the solute. Lower solubility results in faster gel layer formation and thus lower water and solute flux. Lower temperatures decrease solubility and increase viscosity of the feed solution, which also speeds up the gel layer formation process. Changing the pH or temperature of the feed water usually is not practical. Pressure and cross-flow velocity can be adjusted somewhat, but the surface area to volume ratio and pore size and variability are the factors that can have the most profound effect on water and solute flux. Filtration configurations that bring the feed water in contact with the membrane in the most efficient manner should have best all around performance. 3.4 Applications Ultrafiltration is primarily used in industrial, pharmaceutical, and food processing applications where recovery of valuable waste products offsets the capital costs of ultrafiltration. Laundries, car washes, and other industries can reduce water and sewer costs by using ultrafiltration to recycle water. Metals can be recovered from electroplating and photographic rinse water. In the dairy industry, ultrafiltration is used to concentrate milk products. It is also useful for clarifying juice, beer, broth, and wine. The pharmaceutical industry uses ultrafiltration to remove pyrogens from injection water. Higher MWCO ultrafilters are used in biotechnology to harvest enzymes and other metabolic products. In municipal water treatment, ultrafiltration can be used to filter water from sewage treatment bioreactors. Biomass is built up in a fermentation tank to a concentration of up to 50,000 mg/L. The bacteria digest the sewage, breaking down organics that cause color and odor. The ultrafilter keeps the bacteria in the tank while removing water, small molecular weight organics, and salts for further processing. The sludge in the fermentation tank can be left indefinitely with only small amounts being removed bimonthly. This process allows time for the metabolism of slightly biodegradable substances (Stavenger, 1971). Low MWCO ultrafiltration membranes can be used to remove pesticides and other large organic compounds causing problems in the water supply. Watson and Hornburg (1989) found that a 500 Dalton MWCO UF removed 90 to 95 percent of THM’s (trihalomethanes) from water. THM’s are carcinogens regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Act. They are formed from reactions of naturally occurring humic and fulvic acids with chlorine used for disinfection. Humic and fulvic acids are large, rambling molecules. Larger MWCOPDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
PDF Search Title:
DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANEOriginal File Name Searched:
desalting-water-treatment-manual.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)