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ultrafilters possibly could be used to remove these acids before they are converted to THM during disinfection. 4. NANOFILTRATION AND REVERSE OSMOSIS Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis are treated together here, as they are in many product catalogs, because they are similar processes. Nanotiltration membranes are even referred to as “loose” RO membranes. The difference between them is that nanoflltration membranes have lower rejection rates for monovalent ions than RO membranes. RO membranes generally have a 99.5-percent rejection rate for NaCl and a 99.99-percent rejection rate for CaC12. A nanofiltration membrane might have a 75-percent rejection rate for NaCl and 99.5 percent for CaC12 and other divalent salts (see table 10.7). 4.1 The Hyperfiltration Process Nanotiltration and reverse osmosis are known as hypertiltration because they are capable of separating dissolved ions from a feed stream. The membranes used in these processes do not have actual pores. Under pressure, water passes through spaces in the polymeric structure of the membrane. The apparent size of openings in the structure of a nanofilter is from 8 to 80 A. RO membrane openings are 1 to 15 A. The atomic diameters of some ions and molecules are listed in table 4.1 for comparison. As is apparent from the table, the size of spaces in the membranes does not prevent salt permeation. Ions are rejected even though they should have plenty of room to pass through. The reason for this phenomenon is that the ions of dissolved salts are held together in a matrix by weak, transient bonds between positively and negatively charged ions. The expanding force of this matrix is the osmotic pressure of the solution. Undissociated molecules, such as water and molecules of slightly soluble salts, do not contribute to the osmotic pressure. They are merely suspended within the ionic matrix. In a system under atmospheric pressure such as on figure 4.1, water will be absorbed through the membrane from a low ionic concentration solution to a higher ionic concentration solution. The driving force behind this water transport is the difference in the chemical potentials of the two solutions. The low ionic concentration solution possesses a relatively high chemical potential compared to the higher ionic concentration solution. In effect, the water passing through the membrane is trying to dilute the higher ionic concentration solution to equalize concentrations on both sides of the membrane. If pressure is applied to the right side of the system, the migration of water will slow down. When it stops, the applied pressure will be equal to the osmotic pressure of the concentrated solution. Increasing the pressure beyond this point, like squeezing a sodden sponge, will cause water from the concentrated salt solution to permeate through the membrane to the other side. InPDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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