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4.2 Hyperfiltration Membranes Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes are produced primarily through the thermal phase inversion process described in chapter 2. The difference between microfiltration membranes produced by this process and membranes used for hyperfiltration is the porosity of the membrane. Porosity is controlled by the optimizing the factors in table 2.1. The best form for a reverse osmosis membrane is a tight, thin surface layer covering a porous base. A nanofiltration membrane would have a slightly more porous surface layer. One type of membrane incorporates these two requirements by using two different membranes. Called thin film composites, these membranes join the best qualities of both asymmetric and symmetric membranes. By laminating an exceptionally thin, tight, highly selective membrane to an open, durable, microporous membrane, one obtains a membrane with a high water flux rate and a good salt rejection rate. The trick to producing a composite membrane is to cast the I- to lo-pm thick perm-selective barrier layer onto a microporous membrane that may be 100 pm thick. The barrier layer can be cast on water and then laminated to the support layer, but this process is difficult to do on a large scale with such a delicate film. The method most used for industrial production is polymerization of a reactive monomer on the surface of the support film. Other methods involve casting the barrier layer directly onto the support layer either by dip coating or gas phase deposition (Strathmann, 1990). 4.3 Membrane Characteristics All reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes have four general characteristics no matter what they are made of: water flux, salt flux, salt rejection rate, and recovery rate. Flux is the amount of water or salt that passes through, or permeates, a unit area of membrane at a given salinity, pressure, temperature, and pH. The relationship between the flow of water through a membrane, applied pressure, and salinity of feed water is given by the equation: F, - A UP - Ax) (1) where: F, = water produced per unit area of membrane expressed as m3/m2 per day, A = the water transport coefficient in m/s*kPa, AP = difference in pressure across the membrane in kPa, As = difference in osmotic pressure across the membrane in kPa. Salt flux, the amount of dissolved salt that passes through the membrane, is given by the equation:PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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