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where: F, = B (Cl - C,) (2) = weight of salt passed per unit area and unit time expressed as moles/m*day, B = salt permeability constant for the membrane in m/s, C, - C, = difference in salt concentration across the membrane in moles. Salt rejection is the percentage of salt that does not pass through the membrane: R = (1 - C&) * 100 (3) where: CP = concentration of salt in product water in moles/m3, Cf = concentration of salt in feed water in moles/m3. Recovery rate is the ratio of product water to feed water given as a percentage: Recovery Rate = 100 + NP/Cf (4) where: Nfand N,, are the volume of feed water processed, and the volume of treated water produced respectively. Equations (1) and (2) show that more efficient membranes will have a high “A” value, o water permeability coefficient, and a low “B” value, or low salt passage coefficient. Thes, values are calculated for membranes compared in chapter 10 whenever possible. 4.4 Effects of Varying Operation Parameters Membrane performance depends on the chemical make up of the feed water, but given standard feed water, performance will vary with pressure, water temperature, level of wate recovery, and the oxidation potential of the feed water. The first three of these factors ar related to the feed water composition. The last is related to the material used in th membrane. Figure 4.2 illustrates how applied pressure, feed water temperature, and wate recovery affect RO membrane flux and water quality. The graphs are generalized curve intended to show trends; they are not based on actual data points. 4.4.1 Effect of Pressure. - The graph on figure 4.2 (a) and equation (1) both show that watt flux is directly proportional to applied pressure. At higher pressures, the feed water is force against the membrane at a higher velocity, forcing a greater number of foulants in the fee stream to interact at the membrane surface. FsPDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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