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Scaling problems increase at high pressures. Salts left at the membrane surface increase the local osmotic pressure. As the surface pressure exceeds the main stream osmotic pressure, ions diffuse away from the membrane surface. At higher operating pressures, salts have to become more concentrated before diffusion can take place, which can result in precipitation of slightly soluble salts. Membrane compaction and deformation are caused in part by excessive pressure. In the first stages of compaction, the membrane structure is compressed, restricting the flow of water and salt. The result is a decrease in water flux accompanied by au increase in product quality. If the condition continues, the membrane can be forced into the mesh of the product water carrier, causing minute tears to form (Kaakinen and Moody, 1985). An irreversible stage of compaction begins, characterized by an increase in water flux as well as an increase in salt passage. The time factor for compaction depends on other operating parameters. High temperatures, high pH, and the presence of oxidants will speed up the process. r!zmbrane Flux b) Aroduct Quality i l!L1 Pressure Pressure d) Temperature Water Recovery L2mbrane Flux k?mbrane Flux Water roduct Quality Figure 4.2. -The effects of applied pressure, feed temperature, and water recovery on membrane flux and product water quality of reverse osmosis membranes. (From Riley, 1990.) 4.4.2 Effect of Temperature. - The effects of temperature on RO and nanofiltration membranes are the result of an increase in enthalpy of the system. Bonds within the membrane matrix are more relaxed, and salt molecules are more active at higher temperatures (~25 “C). Water passes through the membrane with lower applied pressure iz E- Temperature !;oduct Quality RecoveryPDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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