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Watertown, Massachusetts, to supply freshwater from the ocean. Ionics owns and operates the RO plant, which is designed to supply up to 92.5 million m3/yr to the city. The city pays a fee per 1200 m3 which includes capital facilities and water delivery charges, based on whether the plant is in operation, and, if so, whether it is on short- or long-term standby. When the plant is paid for in 5 years the city has the option of taking over ownership and operation, or continuing the agreement with Ionics (Lizarraga and Brown, 1992). RO has become an economical solution to water supply shortages. Even inland communities like Las Vegas, Nevada, and areas like the San Joaquin Valley in California, where reservoirs have become brackish through agricultural runoff and evaporation, are candidates for RO water treatment plants. 5. ELECTRODIALYSIS Until now, the membranes that have been discussed operate under hydrostatic pressure. In ED (electrodialysis), an electric current is used to draw ions out of the feed solution. An ED unit has paired anion and cation exchange membranes (D and E on figure 5.1) stacked between positive and negative electrodes (0. As feed water (A) containing dissolved salts passes between pairs of membranes, negatively charged ions are attracted toward the positive electrode and are allowed to pass through the anion exchange membrane, and the positively charged ions are allowed to pass through the cation exchange membranes toward the negative electrode. A portion of the feed stream is used to carry the concentrated salts out of the system. The demineralized product water is collected from the feed channel (G), and the brine is collected from the concentrating compartments (F) and exits through the reject port. Channeled spacers inserted between each membrane direct the feed water through the stack via a tortuous route that maximizes exposure to the membrane. The spacers separate the flow into many streams that move in parallel paths back and forth across the surface of the membrane. Baffles across each channel create turbulence that further assists in ion transport by mixing the water, which helps dissolve more of the slightly soluble salts. The membranes are formed from polymers with charged groups incorporated into the membrane matrix. For instance, cation exchange membranes have fixed negative ion groups, such as SO,-, and positively charged, free moving, counter ions, such as Na+. Anion exchange membranes have positively charged fixed groups and negatively charged counter ions. The fmed ion group repels like-charged ions in the feed solution while oppositely charged ions are attracted and allowed to pass through. The membranes are impervious to water under pressure. Only ions are transported. Dissociated water molecules can pass through the membrane; the hydroxyl ion crosses the anionic membrane and the hydrogen ion crosses the cationic membrane.PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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