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in turn allows more of the undissociated molecules to ionize. As an example, magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)z, dissolves in the following manner: Mg(OH), tf M92’ + 2 OH- The solubility product of magnesium hydroxide is 1 x lo-“, which means that the concentration of magnesium cations multiplied by the square of the hydroxide anion concentration must be equal to 1 x IO-ii moles/L. If the concentration of either of these components causes the solubility product to shift, magnesium hydroxide will either precipitate or dissolve. In an ED system where the Mg+’ and OH- ions are in equilibrium with undissociated molecules of Mg(OHj,, the Mgc2 and OH- can be separated from the solution. Then molecules of MgCOH), will be ionized to bring the equilibrium back into balance. These ions can in turn be separated from the feed stream and so on until the feed stream becomes so dilute that the osmotic pressure of the concentrate stream is great enough to overcome the electrical attraction of the current running through the electrodes. At this point, ions begin to diffuse back into the feed stream. 5.1.2 Membrane Selectiuity. - The selectivity of the membrane, or how well it transfers ions, depends on the number of ions embedded into its framework and the thickness of the membrane. Ionic’s ED membranes have a selectivity of 90 percent (Meller, 1984). Other factors that affect selectivity are related to the concentration of salts in the feed and concentrate streams, and the resistance of the membrane. High salt concentration and low temperatures decrease membrane selectivity because of the higher osmotic pressure gradient and the lower mobility of ions at lower temperatures. 5.1.3 Faraday’s Law. -Faraday’s Law states that “the passage of 96,500 amperes of electric current for one second will transfer one gram equivalent of salt” (Meller, 1984). This number, 96,500 ampere-seconds, is known as a Faraday. The time factor is not as important as the total current; 26.8 amperes for one hour will still transfer one gram equivalent of salt. The gram equivalent of an ion is its molecular weight in grams divided by its charge and is expressed as N, for Normality, or gram equivalents per liter. A gram equivalent of sodium is 23 grams (MW 23/l charge) and a gram equivalent of calcium is 20 grams (MW 40/2 charge). Unless the composition of the water is known, the gram equivalent is obtained by assuming that the TDS concentration is entirely sodium chloride. For instance, if the TDS is 5000 mg/L, then the normality of the solution is 0.086 N (5000 mgn/58,400 mg per equivalent). The current required to remove a given number of gram equivalents is calculated with Faraday’s Law as follows: FxFdxAN G?XN (From Meller, 1984, p. 30) I=PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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