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where: I = direct electric current in amperes, P = Faraday’s constant = 96,500 ampere seconds/equivalent, AN = change in normality of demineralized stream between the inlet and outlet of the membrane stack, Fd = flow rate of the demineralized stream through the membrane stack Us.), e = current efficiency, N = number of cell pairs. The voltage requirement is calculated from Ohm’s law which states that “the potential (E) of an electrical system is equal to the product of current (1) and the system resistance CR)” (Meller, 1984). E is expressed in volts, I in amperes, and R in ohms. The resistance of the membrane is made up of four components: the resistance of the cation membrane, the resistance of the anion membrane, the resistance of the concentrate stream, and the resistance of the demineralized stream. Overall resistance decreases with higher temperature and solution concentration, and with increasing percentage of sodium chloride in the solution. 5.2 Electrodialysis Reversal In EDR, the polarity of the electrodes is switched periodically. The concentrate stream is then converted to the feed stream and the feed stream becomes the concentrate stream. This process requires more involved plumbing and electrical systems than ED. Reversing the flow increases the life of the electrodes and helps clean the membranes. When the membranes are operated in the same direction all the time, precipitant can build up on the concentrate sides. Switching these compartments to demineralization compartments helps dissolve the scale build up. 6. COUPLED TRANSPORT Coupled transport is similar to electrodialysis in that metallic ions are removed from the brine and concentrated in a reject solution rather than removing the water from the brine solution, as in reverse osmosis. Like ED, coupled transport is much more specific than reverse osmosis or nanofiltration. Coupled transport is also more specific than ED. This specificity occurs because the force driving the separation in coupled transport is chemical, not electrical. The most obvious difference however, is that the membranes used in coupled transport are liquid. These membranes actually have two parts. The first is the membrane itself, which is a water insoluble liquid that contains a complexing agent which combines with the metal ion that is to be removed. The other part is a stripping agent that removes the ion from the complexing agent at the inner surface of the membrane, exchanging it for a counter ion, such as a hydrogen cation.PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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