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A good correlation for coupled transport is a miner who looks for gold in a stream. If he finds some, he brings it back into town and gives it to the bartender, who in turn gives him a bottle of whiskey. When the miner runs out of gold he goes back to the stream to find some more. Now, if the miner cannot find any gold, the bartender will not give him any whiskey, and likewise, if the bartender runs out of whiskey, the miner will not leave him any gold. The complexing agent and the stripping agent are the miner and the bartender respectively. The gold and whiskey represent the metallic ion and the counter ion. The complexing agent is dissolved in an organic solvent that does not mix with water. The stripping agent may be soluble in water, but not in the solvent for the complexing agent. In one coupled transport system, the stripping solution is emulsified into the complexing solution and this emulsion is then mixed into a tank of mineralized water to produce an emulsion within an emulsion. Bubbles of liquid membrane are formed with the stripping solution inside the bubble. Metal ions in the feed water are transported across to the interior of the bubble by the complexing agent. After a gentle mixing period, the bubbles are allowed to settle at the top of the tank (like oil), and the demineralized water is drained out from the bottom. The emulsion is broken with a surfactant to release the stripping solution, which now contains metal ions, from the complexing solution. Because the two components of the membrane do not mix, the stripping solution can be drained from the bottom of the tank. Both metals and complexing agent can be recycled. The membrane can also be supported within the pores of microfilters. In this scenario, the microfilter support is placed between adjoining vats with the mineralized water on one side and the stripping solution on the other. Both sides are gently stirred to keep the separation going. Theoretically, it should go until the water is completely depleted of the metal ion. Complexing agents are substances that bind chemically with a particular ion, or class of ions. The complexing site on the molecule is called the carrier (RI. The carrier combines with a counter ion, such as H+, or SO,“, from the stripping solution. As the concentration of R-H complexes build up, they diffuse to the feed side of the membrane. At the feed side surface of the membrane, R-H groups react with metallic cations and release the hydrogen (or other counter ion). As the metallic carrier species concentration builds up at the feed side, tbey diffuse to the product side of the membrane where the metallic ion is exchanged for another counter ion. In this way, the metallic ions are eventually all moved to the product side in exchange for counter ions. Figure 6.1 diagrams the reactions taking place at the membrane surface and the transport process.PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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