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Feed Water Carrier Membrane I Metals Concentration The separation can go to completion because the concentration differential of the counter ion, not the metal ion, is driving the separation. Metal ions can therefore be concentrated on the product side without having back diffusion as in ED. Coupled transport continues in this way until the metal ion concentration gradient becomes greater than the counter ion’s concentration, which will never happen as long as the stripping solution is replenished. The coupled transport process is not regularly used in municipal water treatment systems, but it may be practical on a small scale for problems with heavy metal contamination. In this area, RO may be beneficial in concentrating the metals to a volume where coupled transport can be used economically. For more information on liquid membranes and coupled transport, see R. Baker and I. Blume’s chapter, “Coupled Transport Membranes,” in the Handbook of Industrial Membrane Technoology (ed. M.C. Porter, 19901, or E.L. Cussler’s chapter, “Coupled and Facilitated Transport,” in Membrane Separation Systems.(U.S. DOEj 7. PRETREATMENT PROCESSES The importance of water pretreatment prior to membrane separations cannot be stressed enough. Membrane performance and life expectancy depend heavily on the quality of the feed water. Ideally, feed water to reverse osmosis and nanofiltration systems should be clean, containing nothing but dissolved salts. In reality, many of these systems are run with a lower quality feed water, which causes problems with fouling, decreased capacity, and increased cleaning and replacement costs. An extensive comparison of pretreatment technologies is beyond the scope of this work, but it is so important that a summary of common problems and technologies for remediation is offered here, with references in appendix A for further information. I M-C 2 RR - MR, + 2H.f Figure 6.1. - Mechanism of coupled transport for generic metals. MI'+ 2 HR \ MRz + 2H' --PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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