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Dissolved oxygen: 0.5 mg/L 6.3 Redox potential 100 mV Any H,S should be removed by aeration prior to the fermentation tank (Degremont, 1991,). 7.3.4 Ozidation ofmanganese with MnO,. - The reaction rate of oxidation of Mn2’ with air is too slow to be practical; manganese dioxide (Mn02) works much faster. When mixed into a sand filter, MnO, reacts with MI?+ by the following reaction: Mn2’ + MnOz + Mn02.Mn2+ Fast Rate Mn02*Mn2+ + 0, -+ 2Mn02 Slow Rate In this way, manganese is held in the sand filter, giving oxygen in the water a chance to oxidize it. Eventually the filter bed becomes saturated with manganese dioxide, leading to the formation of Mn20,, and the bed must then be regenerated with potassium permanganate (KMnO,). The regeneration follows the reaction: Mn20s + 2Mn04- + 2H,O -+ 5IvIn0, + 4H’ Theoretically the required ratio of RMn04 to Mn is 1.9:l.O. Potassium permanganate or ozone can be added directly to the water to oxidize Mn2+ in the same manner. The ratio of RMn04 to Mn 2+ is 1.9:l; the ratio for ozone is 0.9:l.O. The addition of excess oxidant will produce Mn04-, which turns the water pink (Degremont, 1991). 7.3.5 Biological manganese removal. - Manganese can be removed by biological processes similar to iron removal. However, they cannot be removed in the same bioreactor. Bacteria that accumulate manganese do so in an environment with a redox potential of at least 400 mV. At lower potentials, Mn02 will be dissolved into Mn 2+ instead of the reverse. Culturing a sufficient bed of manganese-accumulating microbes takes about 3 months (Degremont, 1991). 7.4 Scaling Scaling is caused by the precipitation of slightly soluble salts such as MgCOe, CaCOs, CaSO,, BaSO,, SrSO,, CaF,, and SiO, within the membrane module and the concentrate removal system. Solubility of these salts depends on temperature and pH. Higher temperatures and pH facilitate precipitation of carbonates and sulfates. The concentration of these salts in the feed must be low enough so that the concentration in the reject is still below saturation. PHPDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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