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The LSI (Langelier Saturation Index) is the standard measure of scaling potential given by the simplified equation: LSI = pH, - pHa. The pHa is the pH of the reject; the pH, is the saturation pH of the reject stream calculated from total dissolved solids, temperature, calcium concentration, and alkalinity of the feed water and the percent recovery. If the LSI is negative, CaCOs tends to dissolve; if it is positive, CaCOs tends to precipitate. The LSI is not a quantitative measure. It does not predict scaling, only the tendency toward scaling or corrosion. Some manufacturers void their guarantee if membranes are used with a positive LSI; others recommend limits. Because of reaction time, and the fact that the actual amount of CaCO, over the saturation level may be small, running an RO or NF system with a slightly positive LSI may be possible. Softening techniques to lower the LSI involve shifting the carbonate system by: l Acidification - converts HCO, to CO,; . Addition of lime and soda ash - causes precipitation; l Ion Exchange - replaces cations with sodium; and 9 Nanofiltration - removes dissolved divalent salts. 7.4.1 Acidification. - The addition of HCl or H,SO, causes the reduction of bicarbonate ion to water and carbon dioxide. At atmospheric pressure, the CO, bubbles out of solution and is no longer available for carbonate production. Bicarbonate is a potent buffer; however, the amount of H+ required to change the pH is logarithmically proportional to the concentration of HCOs-. After acidification has forced the bicarbonate ions out of solution, the metallic cations are balanced by Cl- ifHC1 was used, or SO;, if H,SO, was used. Sulfuric acid is stronger than hydrochloric acid, so the pH can be lowered with a smaller amount, but the fact that SO, can cause scaling problems with barium, lead, and calcium should be taken into consideration. 7.4.2 Line softening. - Lime, Ca(OHj,, reacts with bicarbonate ions in the following manner: Ca(OH), + Ca(HCO,), --f 2CaCOeJ + 2H,O and Ca(OH), + Mg(HCO,), + CaCOsJ + MgCOs + 2H,O Additional lime will precipitate M2’ to its theoretical solubility under existing conditions: Ca(OH), + MgCOs + CaCOsJ + Mg(HO@PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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