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and larger anions in 10 to 15 percent of the water. Because some bicarbonate passes through the membrane, scaling may not be a problem in the reject conveyance system. Only a pilot test can tell exactly what the reject carbonate concentration will be. If supersaturation occurs, the carbonate balance of the reject must be adjusted. CaCOs crystals can be seeded at this point, encouraging the scale formation on the crystals instead of the plumbing, or acid can be added to shift the carbonate balance toward CO, formation rather than CaCOs. The benefits of NF are that no sludge is produced, little if any additional chemicals are needed, and it is compact in size. The disadvantages are the difficulty in predicting anion rejection, the need for cleaning and proper storage of the membranes, and pretreatment for bacteria. 7.5 Biological Matter Biological matter refers to micro-organisms, living or dead, and pyrogens, which are biological waste products excreted on the outer surface of micro-organisms or bits of micro-organisms. When live microbes are present in the feed water they form colonies on membranes and other surfaces on or in the pressure vessel. Microbial colonies plug the pores of the membrane, decreasing productivity. Ridgeway et al. (1984) found that these colonies did not cause a decrease in salt rejection. However, exposure of the membranes to chloramines and free chlorine used to control bacteria growth did destroy the structural integrity of the membranes, resulting in loss of mineral rejection. The accumulation of dead microbes on the membrane surface is similar to colloidal fouling. Colonies are not formed, but the gelatinous slime of decomposing bacteria inhibits water passage. To alleviate this problem, a O.l- to LO-pm filter should be used with disinfection processes that do not involve filtration. 7.5.1 Oxidation. -Several oxidants can be used for disinfection of drinking water. Table 7.1 compares relative efficacy, remanent effect, speed, and required dosage for each. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide can be used for both initial disinfection and residual protection from reinfection, but they cannot be present in water used with most thin film composite membranes. Ozone and UV (ultraviolet radiation) are the best candidates for use with TFC membranes. They are effective for initial disinfection, but ozone dissipates rapidly and IJV is only effective while the water is exposed to it. As mentioned above, a micro filter is needed with any oxidant to remove the dead and living microbes ahead of the membranes. 7.5.2 Media fiZtrution. - Media filtration is a well known, effective treatment process for lowering SD1 by removing particulates, colloids and bacteria. Sand media acts as both a filter and settling chamber, trapping suspended solids within the bed. Filtering action is enhanced by biological growth within the bed. Microbes break down large organics andPDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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