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nitrates and excrete a gelatinous substance which enhances filtration of sub-micron particles (Bellamy et al., 1985). A media filtration system may have one, two, or three layers of progressively finer graded material. Mono-media sand filters have only a bed of sand. Dual-media filter systems have a layer of anthracite on top of the sand. A layer of garnet below the sand also may be added to form a multi-media filter. The layers have progressively smaller grain size from top to bottom (1.1 mm anthracite to 0.2 mm garnet), and higher specific gravity (~1.5for anthracite to 4.2 for garnet). The layering of coarse to fine media improves the flow rate of water through the bed. Single media filters are run as high as 122-163 Urnin%‘; media filters can be operated as high as 244-610 L/min*m’ (Parekh, 1991). dual and multi- uv ++ 0 +++ mWs/cm’ Efficacy Remanent Speed Dosage Conditions + ++ + 0.2 mg/L Used 15 min. effect after 0, or uv Forms Used for post- Effect ++ + ++ Table 7.1. - Qualities of oxidants for drinking water disinfection. OZO”l? +++ 0 +++ 0.4 mg/L 4 min. No Mn’+: oxidizes to MnO, C’2 ++ + +, 0.5 mg/L 30 min. at pti 8 Remove THMPs ClO* Chloramines OM is organic matter, mWs/cm’ is milliwatts per second per square centimeter, THMPs are trihalomethane precursors. Adapted from DegrBmont, 1991 Dual and multi-media beds are back-washed to remove trapped solids at higher flow rates than used in operation. Because of the gradation in specific gravity of the layers, the media settle back in the same sequence (Parekh, 1991). Single media beds, such as slow sand filters, are not generally back-washed. Instead, when the flow rate declines, the top layer 01 filtration cake, or schmutzdecke, is scraped off. When cleaning reduces the sand depth to 0.3 to 0.5 m, the bottom sand is removed, and new sand is added to the bottom. The top layer is replaced with the old sand to maintain the flora and fauna of the bed (Bellamy et al.~ 1985). 7.5.3 Ultrafiltration. - As discussed earlier, ultrafiltration is useful for reducing bacteria virus, pyrogens, organics including color and odor causing compounds, and trihalomethaner and their precursors. In sewage treatment, ultratilters can be used to filter effluent from bioreactors. Effluent is recirculated at a rate sufficient to keep the membrane surface clean In this way, organics are retained in the reactor until they have been broken down to a MX below the MWCO of the ultrafilter. Bacteria cannot pass the membrane and so are also retained in the bioreactor. Because no added coagulants or granular material are present for remanent 20-25 C102- in oxtiatio” of OM TurbidityPDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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