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pretreatment: aeration removes volatile organic compounds; polar organic compounds are adsorbed during flocculation; and filtration removes organics adsorbed into floes too small to have settled. Flocculation and filtration are discussed above. Air stripping and granular activated carbon filtration are discussed in this section. 7.7.1 GrunuZur activated carbon. - Activated carbon has a high adsorbent capacity per volume, and can be used on a supporting layer of cellulose, diatomaceous earth, or in a column by itself to remove organics as listed above. GAC also will remove free chlorine remaining in water after disinfection as discussed above. So, if a remanent effect is desired in the water. chlorine should be added after the GAC. Coagulation Flocculation Settling Ozonation Activated Ultrafiitration Adapted From Adsorption Oxidation Adsorption Separation - - carbon Table 7.2. - Processes for removing organic compounds Type of organics removed PXNXSS Air stripping Volatile Compounds Humic and Fulvic Acids Phenols. Detergents, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Certain Pesticides High MW, Low Polarization. Sapid Mode of action Evaporation Water Compounds Surfactants, Pesticides Globular MWCO, some linear molecules significantly over MWCO. Treatment Handbook. DegrBmont, 1991. (flavor), Phenols, Saturated Hydrocarbons, shaped molecules over and concentration 7.7.2 Air Stripping. - Volatile organic compounds can be removed from water by aeration Air can be incorporated into water in several ways: cascading the stream down a series o! steps; bubbling air into the water; or spraying the water up into the air in a fountain. The idea is to bring an excess of oxygen in contact with the water so that volatile organic compounds can escape. 8. CLEANING AND STORAGE 8.1 Membrane Cleaning Cleaning is just as important as good water pretreatment for extending the life and efticienc: of the membrane. As a rule of thumb, membrane elements should be cleaned whenever an: operating parameter changes 10 to 15 percent. If permeate flow drops, product water qualit: decreases, or applied pressure must be increased to maintain normal productivity more thmPDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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