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10 to 15 percent, then the elements need to be cleaned (Hydranautics, TSB 100.00, 1992). Some common foulants are mineral scaling, silica buildup, and bacterial slime. Fouling can occur when a breakdown occurs in the pretreatment system, or the quality of the feed water decreases, rendering the pretreatment system inadequate. The cleaning process is complicated by being foulant dependent. If calcium carbonate scaling is a problem, the elements can be cleaned by just lowering the pH of the feed water for a few hours. If colloidal fouling occurs, a detergent with phosphate should be used. If bacteria fouling occurs, a biocide must be added to the cleaning solution. How do you know what type of fouling you have? Without destroying the element, the only way to tell is by knowing the system thoroughly. Records of the feed water analysis, membrane pressure differential, water flux, salt passage, and applied pressure must be kept so that slight differences can be detected. Hydranautics offers some general symptoms for the different fouling plagues, but they are highly subjective. A “marked decrease in salt rejection and a moderate increase in AI’ between feed and concentrate,” accompanied by a slight decrease in system production, may indicate carbonate scaling, and an acid cleaning procedure is used. However, a “marked decrease in salt rejection and a gradual increase in AI’ between feed and concentrate,” accompanied by a gradual decrease in system production, indicates an organic deposit problem, and a basic cleaning solution is needed. Manufacturers are very specific in recommending cleaning solutions, and for good reason. Cleaning is an area where membranes exhibit their differences. A solution that works for cleaning one membrane may damage another. Special attention must be paid to the recommended cleaning solutions, especially when using membranes from different manufacturers, or of different composition in one system. For instance, Hydranautics’ PVD and PA membranes, and Fluid Systems’ TFCL membranes, cannot be cleaned with cationic surfactants. Fluid Systems’ TFC membrane cannot be cleaned with anionic surfactants. The Hydranautics’s PVD cannot be cleaned with nonionic surfactants either, so mixing a PVD with a TFC would guarantee trouble. Included are detailed cleaning recommendations from as many manufacturers as possible to help in selecting a membrane type. 8.1.1 A/G technology. - In general, AGT hollow fiber and tubular ultra and micro filtration modules should be cleaned at low pressure and high velocity, at temperatures of 40 to 50 “C. The following procedures for use with water purification are excerpted from “Hollow Fiber & Turbo Tube Ultrafiltration & Microfiltration Cartridge Operating Guide” (AGT, OG10/92Rl) Flush Before cleaning, flush residual feed water from cartridge with clean, warm (50 “C) L water or saline solution. Flushing time is typically 30 minutes, though tighter membrane pore sizes and systems with large hold-up volumes may require a longer flushing time. AfterPDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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