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9. WASTE DISPOSAL Waste disposal from membrane systems is a major consideration. Typical waste products include the reject brine, pretreatment sludge, cleaning and storage solutions, even the used membranes themselves. Ways to minimize or avoid sludge production were discussed in the chapter on pretreatment. Cleaning and storage chemicals each have their own use and disposal problems, though some are more innocuous than others. Currently, used membranes are treated as solid waste, but possibilities for reconditioning do exist. The last problem must be addressed no matter what precautions are taken to minimize waste, and that is - what to do with the reject water. The major difficulty is that the reject water is more concentrated than it was before membrane separation. The reject water may be in violation of effluent limits imposed by Federal and State Regulations. The legal procedure is to have the concentrate evaluated by the local health department for determination on whether it is “conventional,” “nonconventional,” or toxic waste. Conventional discharges contain BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), coliform bacteria, suspended solids, pH, oil, and grease. Toxic discharges contain substances regulated as toxins under the Toxic Substances Control Act as “presenting an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment” (15 U.S.C. $26Ol(aX3)). Nonconventional discharges are everything else, including some RO concentrate waters. In some States, Florida for instance, desalting process waste brine is classified as industrial waste and must therefore meet more stringent disposal requirements than municipal water treatment waste (Conlon, 1990). All discharges into the navigable waters of the United States (all streams, lakes, rivers, and the ocean) are required to be permitted through the NPDES (National Pollution Discharge Elimination System) program. Toxic and nonconventional discharges are required to be treated with the “Best Available Technology” as determined by the EPA. A monitoring system is required to supply information for detailed reports to the EPA on the content and volume of the effluent. Further local restrictions may exist. The State Health Department is usually in charge of determining what permits are required. The method generally accepted for determining the expected concentration of the brine assumes 100 percent rejection of contaminants. The concentration factor is calculated by the following equation. CF = 11-Y Y equals the percent recovery in decimal. By this equation, the concentration of the brine from a 75-percent recovery system purifying water with 3,000 mg/L TDS would be 12,000 mg/L, four times that of the feed water. At go-percent recovery, the concentrate wouldPDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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