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have 30,000 mg/L. A 10 million m3/d plant will produce 13.3 million m3/d of concentrate at 75 percent and 11 million m3/d at 90 percent. Where the concentrate can be disposed of depends on what specific contaminants are in the water and potential downstream impacts such as water treatment plants. Several general possibilities exist: 1. Dispose into a nearby brackish body of water or the ocean; 2. Concentrate in lined evaporation ponds or with mechanical brine concentrators; 3. Use disposal wells to inject into a brackish aquifer not being used for drinking water; 4. If TDS is not too high, use the concentrate for beneficial use such as irrigation water for salt tolerant plants; 5. Use brine in solar ponds for power generation. The following sections examine these possibilities for coastal and inland plants in greater detail. 9.1 Coastal Desalination Plants Most coastal desalting plants return waste brine to the sea. If the feed water was pumped from a brackish well, the TDS of the brine will be less than or close to the TDS of seawater. Coastal marine life is adapted to periodic changes in salinity, so theoretically, should experience little detrimental effect unless heavy metals are concentrated in the brine. However, if seawater is used for desalting, the salinity of the brine can be over 50 percent higher than ambient salinity. No existing evidence or studies indicate any ill effects caused by increases in salinity on coastal marine life. A call to the local seawater aquarium specialist revealed that marine organisms can tolerate gradual increases in salinity, but sudden changes are fatal. A specific gravity of 1.030 g/cm3 is the upper limit of tolerance for most species outside of the Mediterranean. Mobile creatures can move away from the brine inlet, but sedentary species will die if the salinity suddenly increases too much. Assuming a linear relationship between specific gravity and concentration, an increase of 0.008 g/cm3 (normal specific gravity = 1.022 for seawater) equates to an increase in salinity of only 36 percent (from a normal 35,000 to 47,727 mglL). If good circulation is present at the brine outfall, the high salinity should dissipate rapidly, but discharging large volumes of high salinity water into enclosed bays, shellfish beds, or valuable fishing waters might pose some hazards. An alternative to discharging seawater RO brine directly into the ocean is to combine it with sewage treatment plant effluent or storm water runoff. The TDS of sewage treatment plant effluent is much lower than that of seawater RO brine. If the brine is mixed with 1000 mg/L TDS water (probably high) at a ratio of 2:l (brine:low TDS), the salinity can be reduced to that of the ambient seawater. Another solution may be to let the brine discharge through a seabed distribution system of pipelines, or one pipeline outfall with many outlets.PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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