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Table 9.3. - Recommended Element Aluminum Arsenic Beryllium Boron (B) Cadmium Chromium Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Fluoride (FI) iron (Fe) Lead (Pb) Lithium (Li) Manganese Molybdenum Nickel (Ni) Selenium Silver (Ag) Vanadium maximum trace element levels in irrigation water. Suggested maximum irrigation water level (mgn) 10.0 0.1 - 2.0 0.1 0.05 0.5 -2.0 0.01 - 0.05 0.5 - 1.0 0.1 - 5.0 0.2 5.0 1.6 5.0 - 20 5.0 - 10 2.5 0.02 - 10 0.01 - 0.05 0.2 - 2.0 0.02 4.0 - 6.0 0.1 - 1.0 2.0 10.0 (Al) (Be) (Cd) (Cr’6) (Mn) (MO) (Se) (V) Zinc (Zn) (Source: Edwards 8 Bowdoin, 1990 after Ayers & Westcot, 1976) 9.2.3 Deep Well Injection. - When surface discharge and irrigation are out of the question for concentrate disposal, deep well injection may be a solution. This option has certain geological requirements in addition to the regulatory requirements. The site must be over a confined aquifer that is unsuitable for drinking water, and transmissive enough to handle the amount of concentrate that will be generated (Muniz and Skehan, 1990). The Clean Water Act does not regulate discharge into ground water because it only deals with navigable waters. The Safe Drinking Water Act, Resource Recovery and Conservation Act, and the Toxic Substances Control Act all have some effect on the legality of deep injection wells, but the states all have legislation to cover the specifics. Florida’s Water Quality Assurance Act is one of the most comprehensive (Anderson et al., 1984). It classifies ground water into four categories: Class G-I is potable water with TDS less than 3,000 mg/L, class G-II is for unconfined aquifers containing from 3000 to 10,000 mgL TDS, and Class G- IV is nonpotable water in confined aquifers with TDS >_10,000 mg/L. Brackish RO and nanofiltration concentrates can be injected into Class G-III aquifers with 2 10,000 mglL TDS or otherwise classified by the Environmental Regulation Commission as “having no potential as a source of drinking water,” or Class G-IV aquifers. The concentrate must meet the primary drinking water standards set by the EPA under the SDWA, and be free from contamination by substances listed in the regulations, and deemed to be “carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic or toxic or cause nuisance” (Dehan, 1990). Because RO concentrate has been classified as industrial waste by the EPA, deep injection wells are required to have a liner from the wellhead to the receiving aquifer in addition toPDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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