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the casings which protect successive geologic layers from leakage from lower layers. Figure 9.1 illustrates the geologic layering and well construction requirements. Municipal Injection Well Industrial nderground Source of Drinking Underground Source of Drinking Brackish - Saltier Water Injection Wate Water Well A-~Ci..“.a Confining Unit Injection Zone I Saline Water - Unuseable as a Source of Drinking Water Figure 9.1. - Typical municipal and industrial injection well construction. (From Florida Underground Injection Control Program Handbook, FDER, 1983.) 9.2.4 Solar Ponds. - Solar ponds are heat traps that use high salinity water to trap heat from the sun that can then he used to generate electrical power or desalt water. A solar pond is from 3 to 7 m deep, constructed in three distinct layers as on figure 9.2. The surface has a thin layer of fresh or brackish water. Convective currents created by wind and evaporation move vertically through this layer just as they do in any other body of water, though wind currents are kept to a minimum with wave suppression netting on the surface. Below the surface layer is a zone of increasing salinity, from near fresh at the top to about 20 percent sodium chloride by weight, or other suitable salts, at the bottom. Normal convection currents cannot circulate water in this zone because of the density gradient caused by the increase in salinity with depth. The bottom of the pond is the thermal storage zone. This layer has a uniform salt concentration as high as ten times that of seawater and is the heaviest layer in the pond. This layer has convective currents, but they do not circulate into the salinity- gradient layer above because it is less dense. The bottom of the pond is lined to prevent seepage into the ground water.PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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