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Figure 9.3. - Solar pond heat transfer for power generation. (From Boegli, et al., 1984) To build the solar pond, the storage layer brine must be concentrated to 10 times the salinity of sea water, or 350,000 mg/L TDS. The normal RO recovery rate for sea water is 30 to 40 percent, which only produces a TDS of 50,000 to 67,000 mg/L. At another solar pond at the California Department of Water Resources, Los Banos, California, Demonstration Desalting Facility, brine was supplied by a three stage RO system designed to obtain 90 percent recovery of feed water with 8,930 mgiL TDS. Thermal evaporation was also used to increase recovery to 96 percent, resulting in a TDS of 223,250 mg/L. Further concentration of the brine could be carried out with beat energy from the solar pond, but to start, it was supplied by the local power utility (Smith, 1990). The Israelis have since developed an enhanced evaporation system that quickly concentrates the brine by spraying it down into evaporation ponds. This system is currently being used successfully at a saltworks (Hightower, personal communication, 1993). The density gradient is important in maintaining a high temperature in the heat storage region. The gradient density and temperature are monitored daily to ensure that the gradient is intact. If it is upset by physical mixing or operator error, the pond will become convective, transferring heat away from the bottom layer to the atmosphere. Gradient maintenance is accomplished periodically with diffusers that can be raised or lowered to inject brine at the right levels.PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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