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Solar ponds are a beneficial solution to the concentrate disposal problem, particulerly at inland sites. The initial block of power produced can be used to run the pumps for the desalting system. Power production depends only on the desalting side for a source of brine, so as long as replacement brine can be made from salt when needed, excess power can be sold to utilities to defray expenses. During the first thirty years of the project, the salt brine can be disposed of by constructing additional solar ponds. When the initial capital cost has been amortized, the excess power can be sold to pay for the disposal of the brine by brine concentration, deep well injection, or other means. 10. CURRENTLY AVAILABLE PRODUCTS 10.1 Explanation of Table Entries 10.1.1 Manafucturers. - The manufacturers included in this study were identified through their advertisements, the 1992 Thomas Registry, and communications with contacts in the membrane separations industry. The list of reverse osmosis membrane manufacturers is fairly complete for the United States. It is difficult to identify manufacturers in other countries, and more difficult to get information from them. Some manufacturers, such as Nitto-Denko and Toray Industries of Japan, market their municipal grade membranes through U.S. firms; other manufacturers did not respond to requests for information, but their addresses are included. Addresses are only given in the first category in which they appear. Toll free numbers should be used as indicated in the list. 10.1.2 Model Number. - Each manufacturer has a unique numbering system for their membranes. For most, however, the dimensions and composition of the membrane can be found in the model number. For example, Hydranautics model numbers have a four-digit prefix referring to length and width. This prefix is followed by a three letter code indicating the pressure tube used with it, and a four-digit code for composition and/or application. As an example, 8040-LSY-PVDl, is the model number for an B- by 40-in. membrane module made of a polyvinyl alcohol derivative, using an B-in. diameter, low pressure tube. 10.1.3 Composition. - The listed membrane composition is that given by the manufacturer in specification sheets. Some companies list their membrane’s composition as just “Thin Film Composite.” These membranes may be a combination of polysulfone and polyamide or cellulose acetate, but they are listed as TFC and grouped together in tables 10.10 and 10.11. 10.1.4 Dimensions. - If the diameter and length are whole integers, they are most likely nominal measurements. Some manufacturers give the actual dimensions, which are somewhat less than the nominal measurements. Dimensions supplied on the specification sheets are listed in the chart. The membrane manufacturer should be consulted before purchasing a membrane for use with another company’s pressure tube.PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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