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10.1.9 Maximum Feed Flow. -The maximum feed flow, in liters per minute, is the maximum recommended flow rate to each element. Running at higher than the recommended feed flow may void the warranty. The manufacturer should be able to suggest alternatives that would achieve the needed productivity level and still be within warranty obligations. 10.1.10 Minimum concentrate flow. - Minimum concentrate flow depends more on the silt density index and Langelier index than on membrane composition. Some manufacturers specify a minimum concentrate to permeate ratio for the last membrane of the last stage. For instance, if the ratio is 5:1, concentrate to permeate, the system may be operated at 6:1, but not 4:I. du Pont uses a maximum brine flow rate which is given in liters per minute. The standard Filmtec membrane warranty specifies that the “recovery ratio shall be consistent with concentration of sparingly soluble salts.” This means that if the system is run at a recovery rate that results in scaling, the warranty is voided. Fluid Systems recommends that the salt concentration factor, (3,at the membrane surface should not exceed 1.13. 5 is calculated from the water flux (F& the water transport coefficient for the membrane (A), applied pressure (P), and the osmotic pressure of the main stream (x): Fw -AP P=- Ax The dependence of the concentration factor on operating conditions and water composition is why manufacturers want to have a water analysis before they give membrane system quotes. 10.1.11 Test conditions. - The conditions under which the membranes were tested to obtain rejection and productivity are given here. Most manufacturers give the NaCl concentration, applied pressure, temperature in degrees centigrade, pH, and percent recovery. Water used in most cases is RO permeate. If test conditions were not reported in this way, a note explains what water was used. 10.1.12 Pressure drop across element. - The maximum allowable pressure drop across an element is listed in this column. Pressure drops greater than those given indicate that some type of fouling has occurred in the membrane. Smaller pressure drops indicate membrane damage. Most manufacturers prefer to use a lo-percent change in permeate flow as an indicator of fouling or damage. 10.1.13 Recommended operatingparameters. -Recommended operating parameters include applied pressure, temperature, pH, maximum SD1 (silt density index), NTU (nephelometric turbidity units, and maximum continuous concentration of oxidants. Applied pressure and temperature extremes are self explanatory. The pH limits given here are for continuous operation.PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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