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Because ultrafiltration productivity depends so much on percent recovery, recirculation rate, and feedwater composition, comparing their flux rates or claimed productivity is difficult. Given specifications are usually based on “clean” water tests. No information is given on exact feed water composition, recirculation rate, pressure differential, or percent recovery. The best one can do under the circumstances is to compare water flux per square meter of membrane with water flux per cubic centimeter of element volume as is done on figure 10.3. Here, SW = Spiral Wound, HFF = Hollow Fine Fiber, HF = Hollow Fiber, and Tube = Tubular. 10.4 On Specifications One of the most difficult tasks in completing this project was determining what should go into the comparison chart. The first catalog to come in belonged to Fluid Systems and everything in their specifications went into the table. As other catalogs and brochures came in, it became apparent that not all specifications were of equal worth in the eyes of the manufacturers. When the ultrafiltration brochures arrived, a new list was needed because so many informational holes could not be filled. The market for membrane processes may still be too limited for standard test conditions to have evolved. Or membrane salespeople may want to design the whole treatment system. In the case of ultrafiltration, so many different applications exist that salespeople emphasize the diversity of applications for the process rather than describing the effectiveness for any particular application. Membrane processes are becoming common enough now that some effort should be made to create a list of what needs to be known about a membrane for a consumer to make an informed assessment. A good starting point would be to establish a standard membrane testing procedure for each of the four membrane types. RO membrane producers have a collection of testing parameters that they report: temperature, pressure, and feed concentration. However, these parameters are not sufficient to assess the quality of the membrane. The testing parameters that should be supplied are: 1. Composition of the feed water, including concentrations for substances above and below the rejection range of the membrane; 2. Composition of the concentrate, with concentrations of substances in No. 1; 3. Number of elements in the test module; 4. Feed flow rate; 5. Applied pressure; 6. Operating temperature; 7. Operating pH; 8. Recirculation rate for cross-flow microfiltration and ultrafiltration;PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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