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9. Pressure drop across the test system; and 10. Percent recovery. The composition of the feed water is another item that needs standardization. An established standard exists for seawater, but not for brackish water, ground water, or hard water. If membrane producers would test their products with the same standard water, brackish water membranes with a standard brackish water, seawater membranes with a standard seawater, and nanotiltration membranes with a standard hard water etc., the separation process would be illuminated and the data produced would be of great value to the industry as a whole. Such standards would also help a great deal in making an informed assessment of membrane effectiveness. Pressure from major desalting concerns, such as the NWSIA (National Water Supply Improvement Association) or the Interagency Consortium for Desalination and Membrane Separation Research, could stimulate the industry to accept standards. The U.S. Government is probably one of the biggest consumers of RO membranes. They should be able to specify a particular water for testing membranes purchased under contract. Then, the companies could use those results in their specifications for the rest of the market. This scenario brings up an obvious problem though - what constituents should be in a standard brackish water, standard ground water, and standard surface water? 11. PROCESS DESIGN 11.1 Introduction The purpose of this section is to illustrate a simple modeling approach for estimating the overall performance of a pressure-driven, liquid filtration, membrane module. More accurate and complex models and algorithms are available in the literature and the reader is referred to those for detailed design projects (Hwang and Kammermeyer, 1975). Simple models are useful for exploring the effects of changes in membrane characteristics and module operatmg conditions. A “simple approach” means the solution can be obtained without complex numerical computation techniques. Ideally, a spreadsheet program could be used to perform “what if” case studies. The reader is cautioned at the outset, that because of the assumptions required in a simple model, significant differences will probably exist between the actual performance and the estimate. The model presented here assumes perfectly mixed feed and permeate compartments, with consideration of concentration polarization. This model is the simplest to use and provides a conservative estimate of module performance. In the general case, solution of the design problem requires an iterative (trial and error) method, but in special circumstances an algebraic solution can be obtained.PDF Image | DESALTING AND WATER TREATMENT MEMBRANE
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