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2. Historical development and working principle 2.1 From early steps to commercialisation ED was proposed for the first time in 1890 by Maigrot and Sabates [34]. They built an early concept unit to demineralize sugar syrup by using carbon as electrodes and permanganate paper as membrane. A dynamo served as current supply. However, Maigrot and Sabates never used the term electrodialysis, which can be officially found for the first time in a patent in 1900 [35]. In this patent, Schollmeyer aimed to purify sugar syrup using the same technology as in [34], but with soluble zinc or iron anodes. Despite this, it is generally argued that ED was not actually theorised until 1911 [35–37], when Donnan presented his exclusion principle, experimentally confirmed by Teorell few years later. According to this principle, it is possible to manufacture membranes selective to cations using fixed negative charges and membranes selective to anions using fixed positive charges. The theorisation of electrochemical principles governing the behaviour of IEMs opened the way to the development of new membranes and to the conceptualisation of an electrodialyzer with multiple compartments [34]. However, the actual concept of multi-compartment ED where anion and cation exchange membranes are alternated could be only realised in 1950, when W. Juda and W. A. McRay manufactured the first synthetic ion-exchange membranes from ion exchange resins [35]. These membranes were used by Ionics (US) in 1954 to build the first ED desalination plant for Aramco (Saudi Arabia) [35]. Since that year, many other ED units were built. In 1974, ED faced the main breakthrough with the development of the electrodialysis reversal concept (EDR) [35, 38]. This new operational strategy allowed ED to work by periodically inverting the current, offering the main advantage of membrane fouling control and generating a breakthrough in the implementation of ED at the larger industrial scale. By then, a number of “ED-derived” alternatives, applications and processes have been developed and presented in the literature, providing a further booster to the development of electromembrane technologies in general. Figure 1 represents a synthetic timeline of the most critical development steps for ED and related technologies, indicating from the first important milestones to the more recent and very differentiated applications presented so far, including the first laboratory- or pilot- scale experiences and the first commercialisation attempts of the most recent ED derived processes. A deeper insight on these special applications will be given in Section 6. 7PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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