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Figure 3. ED stack in the sheet flow arrangement of a laboratory scale unit with net spacers. A single cell pair and an additional CEM are represented. The ED process can operate in batch or continuous mode. The first operating strategy is usually limited to small scale applications [42], while continuous operation is more common at industrial scale [49]. Typically, a single stack is not sufficient to reach the desired product specifications, and a multistage configuration is adopted. This configuration has also the potential to reduce the energy consumption and is particularly interesting for seawater desalination [49]. Alternatively, when a recovery higher than 50% is required, a feed and bleed operation mode can be adopted. In this case part of the concentrate, of the diluate or of both streams is recirculated back to the stack inlet, in order to independently control outlet brine and diluate concentrations [49]. Finally, an alternative, though not common, configuration includes the presence of a circulation flow on the diluate side (as it happens in a batch process) and of segregated concentrate compartments, filled with non-circulating solution. This particular arrangement has been used at laboratory scale to obtain extremely concentrated solutions [55, 56]. 10PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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