PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 016
Special ion exchange membranes have also been developed through several research efforts focused on the optimal tuning of membrane properties. These efforts led to special membranes characterised by hybrid structures and particular manufacturing methods [66, 77]. Interpenetrating (IPN) and semi- interpenetrating (sIPN) polymer network IEMs are examples [98–103]. IPN are prepared by mixing two polymers that cross-link due to permanent entanglement, while sIPN are composed by a linear or branched polyelectrolyte immobilised in a cross-linked polymer matrix. This particular structure allows electrochemical and mechanical properties to be tailored for specific applications [98, 103]. Membranes prepared by radiation grafting represent another class of IEMs, in which this new technique allows incompatible polymers to be linked, thus combining their properties. In addition, these properties can easily be tuned by choosing the degree of grafting [66]. Several works deal with the preparation and characterisation of IEMs through the grafting method, and the possibility of using them in ED has been assessed [104–108]. The last group of special membranes is represented by the hybrid organic-inorganic IEMs. Combining the properties of polymers with those of inorganic materials, chemical, mechanical and thermal stability can be significantly enhanced [77]. For this reason, these membranes are mainly used in fuel cell applications [109–117]. Hybrid structures are usually obtained through intercalation, blending, in situ polymerization, molecular self-assembling or sol–gel process, with this latter being the most widespread method [118, 119]. A particular development has led to special membranes incorporating both positive and negative fixed charges within the same membrane [77]. Bipolar membranes (BPM) are the most remarkable example of this class. BPM are constituted of an anion exchange layer overlapped with a cation exchange layer. These membranes are mainly used in a special application of electrodialysis, where water splitting is induced to produce acid and alkaline solutions [57, 77]. Bipolar membranes can be manufactured by different methods such as casting a cation exchange polyelectrolyte solution on an anion exchange membrane (or vice versa) [120], adhering commercial cation and anion exchange membranes [23], or functionalizing the two sides of a standard membrane [121–124]. Two other interesting classes of membranes containing both type of charges are the amphoteric and the mosaic membranes [77]. The former present randomly distributed weak acid and weak basic groups. Their main feature is that charged groups respond to pH variations, thus modifying the cationic or anionic selective character of the membrane. This makes amphoteric membranes particularly useful in special applications such as in biomedical and industrial fields [77]. 16PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
PDF Search Title:
Electrodialysis for water desalinationOriginal File Name Searched:
Review_ED-self-archived.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |