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Mosaic membranes are characterised by anion and cation exchange areas arranged in a parallel way within a single membrane [125]. This allows individual current circulation in each layer, leading to negative osmosis and a salt permeability higher than that of neutral species. These special properties make mosaic membranes a promising candidate for the treatment of waste streams where salt should be separated from organic compounds. However, these membranes are not yet commercially available [77]. 3.3 IEMs properties and characterisation In order to evaluate the performance of a membrane it is necessary to estimate several properties which can be grouped into three main categories: mechanical, physicochemical and electrochemical properties. Mechanical stability is essential for a membrane to be used in industrial applications such as ED. Several mechanical tests are performed for the mechanical characterization of membranes [126]. In particular: Uniaxial tensile test. It is the most common test to evaluate Young’s modulus, yield strength, elongation at break, strain-softening and strain-hardening. Creep and relaxation tests[127]. Dynamical mechanical analysis. It is widely adopted to investigate the viscoelastic properties and the glass transition temperature. Bursting test. During the test, a membrane is exposed to an increasing pressure (simulating the presence of a differential pressure between the two channels of a cell pair) until failure occurs. The mechanical behaviour of IEMs is affected by several features of the membrane material, e.g. cross linking degree, water uptake, aging, and by operating conditions, e.g. temperature [68]. In particular, Young’s modulus decreases as the temperature increases [128] and membranes become stiffer as the cross-linking degree increases On the contrary, membranes plasticize at high level of water uptake [129]. Physico-chemical properties to be characterised in IEMs are swelling, ion-exchange capacity (IEC), chemical stability and permeability to ions (conductivity and diffusive permeability) and neutral species (diffusive permeability). 17PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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