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Typically, the electrolyte concentration profile in solution is slightly asymmetric, due to the difference in the transport number of cation and anion (e.g. tNa+ ≈ 0.4 and tCl- ≈ 0.6). (a) 𝐶 (b) i C φ IEM 𝐶 δLevich δ y dilute concentrate CEM AEM Figure 6. (a) Concentration profile within current-induced diffusion layer in steady-state conditions: Nernst’s linear concentration profile (dashed line); Levich’s profile taking into account convection contribution (solid line), where the concentration differs from the bulk concentration only by 1% at the distance δLevich from the IEM [74]. (b) Qualitative profiles of electrolyte concentration and electrical potential within an ED cell pair. Inside the IEMs the concentration of counter-ions is depicted. Electrical double layer phenomena are represented as sudden jumps at each IEM-solution interface. Experimental observations of concentration polarization gradients have been carried out by several techniques. Choi et al. [179] measured the potential drop by a mobile micro-electrode at various distances from a CEM (two-compartment cell), obtaining the concentration profiles in the depleted side by letting the current vary. Tanaka [180, 181] reported data on the electrolyte concentration profile obtained by the so-called Schlieren-diagonal method, based on the measurement of the refractive index in a three-compartment optical glass cell. Another method of visualization of the concentration profile is laser interferometry, firstly introduced by Forgacs et al. [182] and then applied in several works [183–187], some of which were used to validate models simulating ED stacks equipped with ion conducting spacers or profiled membranes [185, 187], or analysing intensive current regimes (“overlimiting” region) [186]. Kwak et al. [188] fabricated a microfluidic ED device and applied a technique for the direct visualization of fluid flows and salt concentration profiles using charged fluorescent dyes over a wide range of voltage (0-100 V). Recently, the same research group [189] used the microscale ED system for studying the effects of floating spacers and validate their model for fluid dynamics and mass transport phenomena. 25PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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