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proven that also other membrane properties, such as roughness, degree of hydrophobicity and surface charge density, affect the current-voltage curve characteristics. Figure 8 (a) shows experimental current-voltage curves of a six-compartment stack with and without the central membrane. By subtracting these results, the current-voltage curve of the central membrane can be obtained [178]. The limiting current density is often identified as the point where the slope change occurs in the corresponding Cowan plot [169, 178, 191, 209, 220–226] reporting the apparent resistance as a function of the reciprocal of current density (or, simply, of electrical current) as shown in Figure 8 (b). Measurements of ilim have been carried out in several works in order to assess the effect of spacers or profiled membranes on mass transfer. Values of ilim are reported as functions of the fluid velocity [39, 177, 209, 221, 222, 226, 227] and fitted by power laws. Other works report Sh values determined from ilim measurements according to eq. (13) [50, 178, 195, 200, 224, 228–232] and correlations as power laws (see Section 4.4.4). Figure 8. (a) Experimental current-voltage curve and (b) apparent resistance over the membrane as a function of the reciprocal of electrical current (Cowan plot) for the estimation of ilim [178]. Sh values have also been obtained by measurements of ilim on electrodes of simple electrochemical cells without membranes [200, 229–232]. However, these devices simulate only an ideal mass transfer of an IEM-based system, as membrane properties govern the mass transfer mechanisms. In fact, as claimed by Rubinstein and Maletzki [207], membranes with the same permselectivity may exhibit a markedly different behaviour even in the underlimiting region, significantly affecting polarisation phenomena. 29PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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