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Common spacers are made by two arrays of polymeric wires either extruded (overlapped) or woven, with circular cross section, though other geometries have also been devised [39, 41, 48, 222]. Spacers are typically fabricated by non-conductive polymeric materials and can have a variety of geometries according to the filament shape/arrangement, the angle between crossing filaments, the number of layers, the filament spacing and the filament size (Figure 11). Net spacers used in sheet flow electrodialyzers can be classified into four main categories: overlapped, woven, twisted and multi-layer. The first two types are the most common [49]. In particular, woven nets have been used in sheet flow configurations since early studies on ED systems [39, 280] and have even been recently investigated by Kim et al. [252, 253] through laboratory-scale ED experiments. Some interesting results comparing the performance of electrodialyzers equipped with different woven meshes (90° angled filaments) are reported in [41]. Mass transfer was enhanced by a lower distance between filaments and with a flow attack angle of 45°; this features are then reflected on the cell pair resistance. Pressure drops were higher when the distance between filaments was lower and the flow was aligned to a filament. These findings are in good agreement with results of simulations performed in several other works [6, 193, 281]. Twisted and multi-layer spacers were tested by Balster et al. [222] (see e.g. Figure 11 (g) and (h)), showing the possibility to improve mass transfer by swirling motions, both at any given Re and at any given Pn (power number, a dimensionless number accounting for the pumping power), with respect to a non-woven spacer. The same research group investigated also the use of air sparging [223], finding that a mass transfer enhancement may be obtained with some spacer configurations, but at the cost of increasing the resistance. Tadimeti and Chattopadhyay [178] tested a larger variety of twisted tape spacers, showing the significant effect of some geometrical features on mass transfer and pressure drop. Better performance than in an empty (spacerless) channel were obtained in some of the tested configurations, thanks to the development of longitudinal and transverse vortices. Nevertheless, some other configurations led to worse performance than in an empty channel, in which mass transfer coefficients increased as the Reynolds number increased, probably due to the small channel length (8 cm) characterized by large entrance effects (see Section 4.4.4). Moreover, several non-conventional (commercial and non-commercial) spacer geometries for applications in various membrane processes have been investigated both by experiments and simulations [230, 269–272, 274, 282, 283] (Figure 11 (i)-(n)). 36PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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