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Semi-empirical models, on the contrary, are based on a multi-scale approach, in which lower scale phenomena (such as mass transfer and fluid-flow behaviour, leading also to the characterisation of DBL) are described by means of empirical information or small-scale theoretical analysis, e.g. by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics tools. Thus, also the effect of spacers geometry or membrane profiles can be accounted for. Meso- and higher-scale phenomena are described by means of differential equations for mass balances and algebraic phenomenological equations for fluxes through the membrane, allowing for the achievement of plant-scale description. Figure 17 gives a graphical representation of the process models classification, while the following sections will illustrate in details the different modelling approaches, reviewing the most important literature contributions to this topic. Figure 17. Block diagram showing the classification of modelling tools presented in this work, along with the main features of each class of models. 5.1 Nernst–Planck based models 51PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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