PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 057
approaches to determine the values of Sherwood number and link it to the main process variables, thus providing a more complex tool for characterising these phenomena (Section 5.2.3). In several models, the Ohmic resistance of compartments has been calculated based on the solutions’ bulk concentration [6, 141, 174, 254]. Therefore, the Ohmic cell pair resistance can be expressed as 𝑟 = 𝑟 + 𝑟 +𝑟 + 𝑟 (29) where 𝑟 and 𝑟 are the resistances of the IEMs, while 𝑟 and 𝑟 are the resistances of concentrate and dilute compartments, respectively, which can easily be evaluated as [226] 𝑟=𝐹 h (30) 𝜆 𝐶 𝑟 =𝐹 h (31) 𝜆 𝐶 where 𝐹 is a factor accounting for the shadow effect due to spacer filaments or membrane profiles (see below), h is the compartment thickness, 𝜆 is the equivalent conductivity, C is the bulk concentration of electrolyte. Membrane resistance represents the most difficult term to estimate. Fidaleo et al. [199] derived the membrane resistance and the effective membrane area from measurements on a stack built with only CEMs or AEMs. Often, a constant value is used for the membrane resistance [174, 254, 297]. However, it has been widely shown that the resistance is strongly affected by the solution concentration, steeply increasing as the solution concentration decreases [75, 142]. Therefore, some models take into account the effect of solutions concentration [6, 141, 247]. Since it is difficult to estimate the actual behaviour of an IEM inside an operating stack, a theoretical approach could represent an effective solution. In this context, Berezina et al. [60] proposed a theoretical method for the estimation of conductivity based on the structure of the IEM itself. In particular, membrane conductivity was correlated to the conductivity of individual phases, the volume fraction of each phase and a correction factor accounting for the arrangement of phases inside the material. However, there is still no common approach in experimental methods for membrane resistance measurement and models interpreting the membrane behaviour [76]. The presence of non-conducting net spacers causes an increase of channel Ohmic resistance, referred to as “shadow effect”. This aspect has been taken into account in several models by a correction factor defined in different ways, e.g. as the reciprocal of the spacer open area [141], or as the reciprocal of the square of the channel porosity [254]. Pawlowski et al. [297] used the reciprocal of the channel porosity but took into account also the increment of the membrane resistance due to the coverage effect of spacers. Clearly, the real effect of spacers depends on their actual geometry. Therefore, more 57PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
PDF Search Title:
Electrodialysis for water desalinationOriginal File Name Searched:
Review_ED-self-archived.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |