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class of models is based on the assumption that the flux of an individual component can be described by the sum of each driving force multiplied by its phenomenological coefficient, thus taking the mutual influence of each flux on the other ones into account. Some ED process models used IT [357, 358]. However, the resulting equations are usually complex to solve and require the determination of several coefficients. 5.2.4 Overall process performance parameters Once the system is characterised in terms of streams properties and electrical variables, the last step for process models is to calculate the macroscopic performance parameters, such as electrical power and specific power consumption, apparent membrane flux, current utilization factor and pumping power requirements. Electrical power consumption in ED can be easily calculated as the product of the voltage drop over the cell pair (V) and the electric current flowing through the external circuit (I): 𝑃=∆𝑉 ∙𝐼 (41) Pel has to be multiplied by the number of cell pairs in order to obtain the total stack power requirement. Dividing by the diluate flow rate generated in each cell pair leads to the most commonly used expression of the specific energy consumption: 𝑆𝐸𝐶 = 𝑃 (42) 𝑄 Less common, yet useful for a comprehensive understanding of the process behaviour, the salt- specific energy consumption (𝑠𝑆𝐸𝐶) indicates the amount of energy required for the passage of one mol (or one kg) of salt from the dilute to the concentrate compartment: 𝑠𝑆𝐸𝐶 = 𝑃 = 𝑃 (43) 𝐶𝑄 − 𝐶𝑄 𝐶𝑄−𝐶𝑄 Another important parameter for comparison with other membrane separation processes is the apparent diluate flux (𝐽 ), also named “water productivity” [359], expressing the amount of diluate generated by the ED unit per square meter of cell pair area: 𝐽 = 𝑄 (44) 𝐴 where 𝐴 is the cell pair membrane area. 62PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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