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solutions [373]. This makes CEDI also useful for the production of extremely dilute water solutions in small and medium scale applications. For example, CEDI is often adopted for the production of ultra-pure water in food, pharmaceutical and electronics industry [10, 372, 373]. Another proposed application of CEDI is the removal of heavy metals in wastewater treatment trains [373]. The main advantage of the mixed resins bed is that anions and cations are simultaneously removed, thus avoiding the need for a double passage of the solution (as in case b) and minimising its residence time inside the CEDI unit. However, two separated beds are much more efficient when the solution contains weakly dissociated electrolytes [10]; in this case, the feed solution undergoes the cation exchange step first, where cations are exchanged with the protons generated and released by the bipolar membrane. The resulting acidic solution then flows through the anion exchange channel where anions are exchanged with hydroxide ions from the bipolar membrane, restoring solution neutrality. Nowadays, both layouts (a) and (b) are widely used in the industry. Interestingly, also novel configurations of CEDI have recently been proposed, based on the use of electrostatic shielding zones instead of membranes [374, 375], though these have not yet reached an industrial applicability scale. Figure 21. Schematics of the two different layouts of continuous electrodeionisation stacks (from [10]). (a) Conventional stack with diluate channel filled with mixed cation and anion exchange resins, (b) stack with anion and cation exchange resins in two different channels with a bipolar membrane in between. 6.3 Capacitive deionisation 68PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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