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Capacitive DeIonistation (CDI) is a desalination and ion transfer process based on the use of capacitive materials to remove/release ions from/into solutions in a cyclic way [10]. In CDI, a salt solution flows through a channel between the two capacitive electrodes, which are usually covered with an IEM (or, more generally, an ion selective layer) in order to enhance the current efficiency, thus increasing process performance [376]. Applying an electrical potential difference between the electrodes, ions move according to the generated electric field and are eventually absorbed on the capacitive electrodes surface (often consisting in a modified carbon-based matrix), removing salts from the feed water and producing desalinated water. When electrodes reach the saturation condition, polarity is reversed and ions are discharged from the electrodes into a purge stream flowing through the channel, thus regenerating the electrodes and producing a concentrated brine to be disposed. CDI is not yet a fully mature technology, but some commercial manufacturers already exist and some examples of real applications have been reported [377]. Nowadays, CDI suffers from market penetration issues mainly due to upscaling difficulties related to the large quantity and cost of the electrodic material needed for large capacity plants [378]. 6.4 Electrodialysis metathesis and selectrodialysis Since the early ‘80s the possibility of using an ED stack to carry out a metathesis reaction has been assessed [30–33]. The metathesis reaction allows two salts to be produced by interchanging the anions and cations of two different initial salts: 𝑀𝑋+𝑀𝑋 → 𝑀𝑋 +𝑀′𝑋 (55) Differently from conventional ED, the repetitive unit of electrodialysis metathesis (EDM) is composed by 2 dilute compartments, 2 concentrate compartments, 2 CEMs and 2 AEMs (Figure 22) [33]. Feed channels are alternatively fed with two streams, one containing the first reactant (𝑀𝑋) and the other containing the second (𝑀𝑋), while a “sink” solution flows through the other two channels. The presence of the applied electrical field and of the selective IEMs leads to the passage of ions from feed to compartments containing sink solution and, as a result of this ion shift, product streams are generated in the sink channels. As an example, assuming that the feed solutions contain magnesium chloride and sodium sulphate, the product outlets will contain magnesium sulphate and sodium chloride, which may reach an over-saturation condition and precipitate out of the channel to form solid product salt [33]. In the past years, the possibility of using EDM for the production of different salts such as potassium carbonate, magnesium sulphate and potassium sulphate from more soluble 69PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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