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and less valuable salts has been studied [30, 379]. Recently, EDM was also used for the production of ionic liquids precursors [380]. Another important application of the EDM process is the treatment of RO concentrated brines in zero liquid discharge desalination [31]. In this case, the repeating cell is characterised by a conventional AEM, a conventional CEM, a monovalent selective AEM and a monovalent selective CEM. By feeding the unit with desalination brine and artificial NaCl solution two concentrate product streams are obtained: the first containing sodium with anions and the other containing chloride with cations [31, 33]. In both cases, concentration in the outlet brines can be significantly increased thanks to the high solubility of the salts generated by the metathesis process, thus overtaking the main limitation of RO being the risk of scaling (mainly due to calcium and magnesium carbonates and sulphates) when a recovery ratio of 40-50% is exceeded. Figure 22. Schematic representation of the electrodialysis metathesis process. Similarly to EDM in zero liquid discharge applications, selectrodialysis (SED) is a particular technology that makes use of monovalent selective IEMs. A typical SED repeating unit is constituted by 3 compartments with a central monovalent selective IEM (MVA or MVC) between a conventional CEM and an AEM [27]. This configuration allows monovalent and divalent ions to be selectively separated from feed solutions. The scheme reported in Figure 23 refers to the case of separating monovalent and bivalent anions from a feed solution by adopting a monovalent selective anion membrane (MVA) in the centre of the SED repeating unit. SED is a relatively novel process for which ion fractionation capabilities have generally been claimed [27], but have been practically demonstrated only in a few applications. Examples are the recovery of phosphate from waste streams [28, 381] or the separation of chloride and sulphate compounds from a NaCl and Na2SO4 mixture to simulate the application of SED in brine treatment processes [26]. 70PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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