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Figure 23. Scheme of a selectrodialysis stack for the separation of salts containing mono- and bi-valent anions (e.g. Cl- and SO42-) showing the functioning principle (adapted from [26]). 6.5 Shock electrodialysis Limiting and overlimiting currents (see Section 4.3) are possible operating conditions in ED, though they are generally avoided in standard operation [49]. However, the shock electrodialysis concept, recently proposed for water desalination purposes, operates under overlimiting current conditions [382–384]. A shock ED repeating unit is composed by a weakly charged porous medium placed in a channel between two equally-charged ion exchange membranes, such as two CEMs or AEMs (Figure 24). As in conventional ED, electrodes are placed at both ends of a pile comprising a number of repeating units, next to the IEMs. While salted water flows through the channel, a potential is applied at the electrodes. This causes a flux of anions and cations in the two opposite directions. If CEMs are chosen as selective layers (as shown in the example of Figure 24), sodium ions are removed from the channel, creating a depletion zone at one side of the compartment and a salt enriched zone at the opposite side. Conversely, anions move from the depletion to the enriched zone, being blocked in the upper part of the compartment by the CEM. As in ED, when the ion concentration at the membrane interface reaches zero, the limiting current is reached. However, applying an overlimiting current in the presence of the weakly charged porous medium results in a transport of ions much faster than diffusion. The overlimiting current makes the edge of the depletion zone propagate through the pores as a shock wave creating a sharp boundary between the depleted and undepleted zones. Solutions flowing through the two zones are finally separated by a splitter placed in the last part of the channel so that a desalinated water and a brine streams are obtained [384]. Phenomena occurring in shock- ED at overlimiting current condition are still under debate [385–387]. So far, two main phenomena are believed to occur: surface migration and surface convection [385]. The first is typical of sub- micropores; the second is due to electroosmotic flow and is dominant in larger pores. 71PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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