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In the first configuration (coupling of unit I and II in the scheme) the RED unit is used as pre-treatment step. When a low-salinity solution, not suitable for drinking water production, is available (e.g. impaired water from a waste water treatment plant) this can be used as the dilute feed of a RED unit, while seawater can be used as the concentrate. In this way, energy is generated from the salinity gradient and seawater exiting the RED device is diluted thanks to the passage of salt into the impaired water, without directly mixing with it. Pre-diluted seawater can thus be fed to a desalination unit in which the energy required to reach the target concentration will be significantly reduced. Additionally, the RED energy generation can be used further to reduce the overall process consumption. In the second configuration (coupling of unit II and III), the RED unit can be used as a post-treatment in order to mix the brine with impaired water, mitigating disposal issues and recovering energy from the two waste streams. The two configurations can also be used together resulting in the complete scheme of Figure 26. Figure 26. Possibilities of RED/ED integration. Unit I represents RED (or short-circuited RED or assisted RED) used as dilution pre- treatment before feeding the seawater inlet to ED (Unit II). Unit III represents RED used as post-treatment for the recovery of energy from waste brine and relevant dilution with impaired water stream. Coupling Unit I, II and III represents the most complete integration possibility. Besides the classical SGP operation mode, the RED unit can be operated in two other different modes, thus serving as an enhanced osmotic dilution device [409]: Short-circuited Reverse Electrodialysis (scRED) Assisted Reverse Electrodialysis (ARED) 76PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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