PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 077
In scRED mode the RED unit external load is short-circuited, thus renouncing to energy production in order to maximise the salt transfer rate from the concentrate to the dilute compartment, thus enhancing the dilution effect. In ARED mode the ionic current inside the scRED unit is further increased by applying an additional external electrical potential to the RED unit, consuming energy in order to “assist” the dilution process, exceeding the maximum achievable current in scRED. In both cases, the arising benefits are more suitable for the first coupling configuration, where dilution plays a fundamental role in reducing the overall energy consumption, rather than in the second, where dilution is considered beneficial only for environmental reasons. Due to the complex nature of such processes, it is not possible to determine a priori which of the configurations or RED operation mode is the most convenient to achieve the overall minimum energy consumption. In addition to that, pushing the dilution process to high levels will significantly increase the capital costs, mainly depending on the amount of membrane area required. For this reason, optimisation studies are crucial for the development of such hybrid schemes. In the current literature, the RED-RO coupling has been investigated by several authors, although still at a conceptual level [411–414]. In particular, Li et al. [411] explored the RED-RO process through a simple mathematical model, showing that the process can potentially achieve a ~50% lower energy consumption compared to state-of-the-art seawater RO. Vanoppen et al. [409] performed a comparative analysis of all RED operational modes coupled to RO, exploring the operational ranges and identifying the benefits in energy consumption reduction. Specific energy consumption below 1 kWh/m3 were theoretically demonstrated to be feasible, although an important increase of overall membrane area required (including RED membranes) was found in these scenarios. The RED-ED process has been much less studied, with only one recent publication by Wang et al. [415] who focused on the very specific case of desalination of high salinity waste brine containing phenols. They demonstrated an overall reduction of energy consumption of about 30% compared to the stand-alone ED case, though such figures can not be compared with RO, due to the much higher energy consumption of the base case (above 20 kWh/m3). It should be noted that, as an alternative to the reverse electrodialysis dilution process, other osmotically-driven processes such as Pressure Retarded Osmosis [414, 416] have been proposed in the literature. Similarly to the RED case, forward osmosis [417–420] and pressure-assisted osmosis [417] have also been proposed for further enhancing the dilution process in order to reduce the overall desalination energy consumption. 77PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
PDF Search Title:
Electrodialysis for water desalinationOriginal File Name Searched:
Review_ED-self-archived.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)