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7. Conclusions Electrodialysis represents nowadays an important process option for saline water desalination. The ED history indicates a constant presence in the market, especially in the field of brackish water desalination. A significant interest towards ED and related processes has recently risen due to new IEMs, new industrial actors and several novel proposed applications. In the present review, all these aspects have been addressed aiming at identifying the most important factors influencing the development potentials of this promising class of technologies. An overview on the state of the art of Ion Exchange Membranes highlighted the key factors currently representing the most important routes for technology developments: 1) the preparation of low resistance and high permselectivity IEMs, when operating with highly saline solutions (which would allow the effective application also to the case of seawater desalination); 2) advances in surface modification techniques, aiming at improving IEMs properties (e.g. permselectivity, but also fouling resistance and overlimiting mass transfer); 3) the development of profiled membranes, allowing the implementation of spacerless ED stacks; 4) the manufacturing cost abatement, which is a key factor for market growth. Following a comprehensive description of the very complex phenomena governing the process, a detailed review of the most interesting findings on fundamental aspects such as mass transfer, ionic current and fluid flow behaviour in ED and related processes has also been presented. In particular, fluid dynamics and polarisation phenomena have been found to be crucial for process performance. Overlimiting regimes for enhanced mass transfer and reduced membrane area have aroused the interest of researchers and opened room for further investigation and developments. The issues related to stack and channels optimisation (in terms of pressure drop and polarisation phenomena reduction) have led to the new frontier of profiled-IEMs (especially for RED applications), though the study and optimisation of traditional spacers along with the development of alternative geometries (multi-layer, twisted, etc.) is still the objective of several investigations. Another interesting topic concerns the study of oscillating regimes (oscillating current or flow rate), which have been found to improve process performance under certain conditions. Finally, the large-scale study of inlet-outlet distribution manifolds has identified how critical these can be for the optimal flow distribution in feed channels. Misdistribution problems, in fact, can cause significant losses in terms of resistance increase and non-Ohmic voltage drops, in addition to fluid dynamics issues such as solution leakages. Thus, modelling and experimental investigations have pointed out possible solutions for improving manifolds layout, opening the route to novel and optimised stack designs. 78PDF Image | Electrodialysis for water desalination
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