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Membranes 2020, 10, 221 4 of 72 desalination of leachate from landfill site, desalination and recycling of drainage from activated sludge, etc., (3) food applications for removal of tartaric acid from wine, desalination of cheese whey, purification of lactose, lactulose, and galactose, desalination of molasses, etc., (4) biotechnology/pharmaceutical applications such as desalination of amino acid solution, refining of amino acids, desalination of pharmaceutical intermediates, recovery of blood plasma proteins, acid and base production, solvent purification, etc. and (5) others such as rinse water for electronics processing, reuse of electroless plating baths, treatment of boiler feed water, production of ultrapure water. 2.2. Electrodialytic Equipment Manufacturers In 2020, more than 45 companies are manufacturing and selling electrodialytic equipments around the world. Amongst them, 70.5% are manufacturing ED/EDR equipments, 47.7% EDI/CEDI/MCDI/FEDI equipments and only 18.2% EDBM equipments. More precisely, 65.9% are selling just one type of equipment, 31.8% two types and 2.3% the three types. Generally speaking, the EDI or ED/EDR are coupled with reverse osmosis units when purified water or pure water is sought. The key companies of electrodialytic equipments, based on 2019 revenues, are by alphabetical order: AGC Engineering (Tokyo, Japan, formely Asahi Glass), Astom (Tokyo, Japan, fusion of Tokuyama Corporation and Asahi Kasei Corporation in 1995), C-Tech Innovation Ltd. (Capenhurst, United Kingdom), Doromil (Beijing, China), Electrosynthesis Company (Lancaster, NY, USA), Eurodia (Pertuis, France), Evoqua Water Technologies LLC. (Pittsburgh, PA, USA), Fumatech BWT GmbH (Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany), Hangzhou Iontech Environmental Technology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China), LTD Innovative Enterprise Shchekinoazot (Shchekino, Russia), Mega A.S. (Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic), PCCell GmbH (Heusweiler, Germany), Saltworks Technologies Inc. (Richmond, BC, Canada), Shandong Tianwei Membrane Technology Co., Ltd. (Weifang, China), SUEZ–Water Technologies & Solutions (Trevose, PA, USA), SnowPure Water Technologies (San Clemente, CA, USA). Unlike in many market reports, WGM Sistemas was not included here as an ED unit manufacturer, since it has a partnership with the French company Eurodia for ED units, and is mainly a sales representative of this company. Some companies are spread in all continents such as Evoqua Water Technologies LLC., SUEZ–Water Technologies & Solutions or Eurodia. For example, Evoqua has more than forty offices around the world. Amongst the companies, SUEZ–Water Technologies and Solutions, the global greatest company in the electrodialytic system industry, accounted for about 15% of the revenue market share in 2019, followed by Evoqua Water Technologies LLC (11%) and then by a close group formed by PCCell GmbH, Eurodia and AGC Engineering (between 7% and 9%). The top ten manufacturers account for more than 65% of the revenue market [12]. Having a look at the evolution of the number of electrodialytic unit manufacturers around the World in the last 50 years, it appears that in the 1970s–1980s, only 4–6 companies, from the USA and Japan, shared the market of electrodialytic systems mainly composed of conventional electrodialysis (Figure 3). The pioneer company, and the leader in electrodialysis during many years was Ionics, acquired in 2005 by GE Water and Process Technologies, itself acquired by SUEZ in 2017 to form SUEZ–Water Technologies and Solutions. Indeed, the first ED desalination plant was built by Ionics in 1954 for Aramco (Saudi Arabia) [10]. A few years later, ED units for brackish water desalination were built in South Africa [14]. In 1988, Eurodia was created and participated to the dissemination of conventional electrodialysis technology as well as EDR and EDBM. Then, from 1990 to 2005, companies from other countries (Australia, China, Czech Republic, India, Germany, United Kingdom, Lithuania and Netherlands) joined the ranks of the electrodialytic system manufacturers. During this period, the emergence of bipolar membranes, leading to new and different applications where pH differences play a major role (production of acids and bases, recovery of organic acids), the growing importance of resource recovery and related selective recovery of anions and metals, and the design of alternative electrodialysis stack configurations, which are intended for selective separation in a series of applications [4], in parallel with an increase in population and urbanization of the Asia-Pacific region accelerated the needs for electrodialytic systems. As an example, China experienced a veryPDF Image | Electrodialytic Processes
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