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Electrodialytic Processes

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Electrodialytic Processes ( electrodialytic-processes )

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Membranes 2020, 10, 221 14 of 72 higher than the ones of co-ions (negligible) explaining the fact that this extended SCR does not respect the principle of electroneutrality [54] (Figure 9). In this extended SCR, depleted in ions, exaltation effect arises due to the attraction of counter-ions by-products of water splitting. Indeed, the appearance of OH− and H+ ions disturbs the electric field and favors the attraction of counter-ions of the solution towards the membrane interface (exaltation effect) [21]. Hence, the dissociation of water molecules at the membrane surface promotes the effect of exaltation. For example, in desalting channel of ED system with desalination of NaCl solution, the increase of current in the overlimiting region may be due to attraction of Na+ by OH− produced on the CEM surface and due to attraction of Cl− by H+ produced on AEM surface. The exalted current is described by the mechanism called the Kharkats current. More precisely, in the case of a CEM, while the H+ generated at its interface would be used for the transport of the current in the membrane, OH− ions would attract counter-ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ towards the interface of the membrane. However, the contribution of the exaltation effect on the increase in ion transfer in overlimiting regime is very low compared to the effect provided by current-induced convection. Indeed, the ratio of diffusion coefficients of counter-ions to diffusion coefficients of water splitting products is of the order of 10−1 and this fact leads to the conclusion that tMhemibnracnresm20e2n0,t1i0n, xsFaOltRcPoEuEnRteRrE-VioIEnWflux due to the exaltation effect is rather low (around 20%) [215].of 73 Figure 9. Schematic concentrattiion proffiilles of counter-iions (solid line) and co-ions (double dashed line) iinththeedoduobulbelebobuonudnadryarlyayleary(eDrB(LD,BthLi,ckthniecsksnδe)sassδa)fausncatiofunnocftitohne coufrrthenetcduernrseintyt (deI)nasiptypli(edd). I aSpCpRl:ieSdp.aScCeRch: aSrpgaecerecghiaorng;eErSeCgiRo:ne;xEtSeCndRe:dexstpeancdedchsapragceercehgaiorgne(rneognio-enq(uniolinb-reiuqumilipbarriut)m; QpSaCrtR);: QquSaCsRi-: qequuasilii-berqiuimlibpraiurtmofpSaCrtRof(ASCdRap(tAedafrpotemdNfriokmonNenikonetnaklo. [e2t1a,5l.1[]2).1,51]). 3.4.2. Current-induced convection The most powerful mechanism leading to the essential exceeding of the current above its limiting value is current-induced convection [8,9,21,30,55–57]. Two current-induced convection mechanisms, causing the mixing of the depletion region with well conductive bulk, are recognized, namely gravitational convection (minor effect) and electroconvection (major effect). Gravitational Convection

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