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Membranes 2020, 10, 221 Fouling Table 1. Cont. 22 of 72 References [110,111,114] Solution Current Density Pulse/Pause 10 s/10 s 10 s/33.3 s Pulse/Pause Ratio (Frequency) 1 (0.05 Hz) 0.3 (0.023 Hz) Membrane Studied CEM and AEM Fouling Mitigation - 10 s/10 s protects the AEM during three consecutive runs - Delayed fouling growth at 10 s/33.3 s on CEM during three consecutive runs Energy/Relative Energy Consumption 14.7 Wh 22.1 Wh 20.2 Wh for CC Mass Tranfer Efficiency DR= 68.4% DR = 68.1% DR = 61.8% for CC Protein fouling and scaling Salt solution containing whey protein 15 mA/cm2 10 s/40 s vs. CC 0.25 (0.02 Hz) CEM and AEM - Decrease in mineral fouling (Ca and Mg by 16 and 24%) in basic conditions - 18% Decrease in protein fouling in acidic condition 5.81 Wh for PEF conditions 5.87 Wh for CC DR = 74.1, 64.7 and 79.5% in acid, basic and acid/base separated conditions DR = 56.3, 54.8 and 58.8% for CC [104] 5 s/10 s 10 s/20 s 5 s/5 s 10 s/10 s 10 s/5 s 20 s/10 s 0.5 (0.066 Hz) 0.5 (0.033 Hz) 1 (0.1 Hz) 1 (0.05 Hz) 2 (0.066 Hz) 2 (0.033 Hz) CEM and AEM - 10 s/5 s and 5 s/5 s suppressed CEM fouling on the diluate side - 10 s/5 s reduced fouling also on concentrate side - No severe scaling on AEM 12.4 Wh 11.4 Wh 14.0 Wh 13.4 Wh 14.6 Wh 14.4 Wh DR = 50.6% DR = 48.9% DR = 59.6% DR = 51.6% DR = 58.5% DR = 57.3% [111] 1 s/0.33 s 1 s/1 s 2 s/0.5 s 2 s/0.67 s 3 s/0.3 s 3 s/1 s 3 (0.75 Hz) 1 (0.5 Hz) 4 (0.4 Hz) 3 (0.37 Hz) 10 (0.303 Hz) 3 (0.25 Hz) CEM and AEM - 2 s/0.5 s suppressed scaling on both sides of CEM - 2 s/0.67 s suppressed scaling only on the CEM concentrate side - Absence of scaling on AEM 15.1 Wh 14.0 Wh 17.8 Wh 17.3 Wh 17.3 Wh 16.2 Wh DR = 72.5% DR = 71.6% DR = 79.3% DR = 78.8% DR = 74.8% DR = 75.5% [112] Scaling Model salt solution (Mg/Ca = 2/5) 40 mA/cm2 2 s/0.5 s 2 s/0.67 s 4 (0.4 Hz) 3 (0.374 Hz) CEM - Membrane less scaled at 2 s/0.5 s 11.8 Wh 12.8 Wh DR = 59.0% DR = 57.2% [66] Milk 20 mA/cm2 2 s/0.5 s vs. CC 4 (0.4 Hz) CEM and AEM - Inhibition of scaling formation - Inhibition of OH− leakage Not indicated Not indicated [88] Model salt solution (Mg/Ca = 2/5) 10.5 mA/cm2 15 min/15 min 15 min/7.5 min 5 min/5 min 1 min/1 min 1 (5.5 10-4 Hz) 2 (7.4 10-4 Hz) 1 (1.6 10-3 Hz) 1 (8.3 10-3 Hz) CEM and AEM - Scaling Reduction for 5 min/5 min and 1 min/1 min Not indicated Not indicated [108]PDF Image | Electrodialytic Processes
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