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Membranes 2020, 10, 221 Fouling Table 1. Cont. 23 of 72 References Solution Current Density Pulse/Pause Pulse/Pause Ratio (Frequency) Membrane Studied Fouling Mitigation Energy/Relative Energy Consumption Mass Tranfer Efficiency Sweet whey (6.5% total solids) 8.0 mA/cm2 0.1 s/0.1 s 1 s/0.1 s 1 s/1 s 10 s/0.1 s 10 s/1 s 10 s/10 s 100 s/1 s 1 (5 Hz) 10 (0.9 Hz) 1 (0.5 Hz) 100 (0.099 Hz) 10 (0.090 Hz) 1 (0.05 Hz) 100 (0.1 Hz) CEM and AEM - No visual fouling or scaling on CEMs and AEMs, except for 0.1 s/0.1 s - For other conditions, the limiting current density was not reached - No significant difference of membrane thickness and conductivity whatever the conditions used. 3591 Wh for 42% DR 4160 Wh for 42% DR 4118 Wh for 42% DR 4161 Wh for 42% DR 4270 Wh for 42% DR 4171 Wh for 42% DR 4213 Wh for 42% DR CC = 4266 Wh for 42% DR 79.6% DR 46.6% DR 48.5% DR 44.6% DR 42.8% DR 43.8% DR 43.0% DR CC = 43.9% DR [64] 25 s/25 s 50 s/10 s 1 (0.02 Hz) 5 (0.016 Hz) CEM and AEM - 25 s/25 s pulse/pause decreased drastically scaling bycalcium phosphate 6.2 Wh/g lactic acid 7.9 Wh/g lactic acid CC = 9.3 Wh/g lactic acid 44.4% LARR, 67.1% DR 41.6% LARR, 64.2% DR CC = 37.2% LARR and 64.0% DR [113] Acid whey 10 mA/cm2 5 s/5 s 15 s/15 s 15 s/25 s 25 s/25 s 25 s/15 s 25 s/35 s 35 s/35 s 35 s/25 s 1 (0.01 Hz) 1 (0.033 Hz) 0.6 (0.025 Hz) 1 (0.02 Hz) 1.66 (0.025 Hz) 0.71 (0.016 Hz) 1 (0.025 Hz) 1.4 (0.016 Hz) CEM and AEM Scaling was greatly mitigated at: - conditions with high frequency (5 s/5 s and 15 s/15 s) - conditions with low pulse/pause ratios (15 s/25 s and 25 s/35 s) 5.6 Wh/g lactic acid 5.3 Wh/g lactic acid 5.6 Wh/g lactic acid 5.8 Wh/g lactic acid 6.2 Wh/g lactic acid 6.2 Wh/g lactic acid 6.7 Wh/g lactic acid 6.7 Wh/g lactic acid Global DR (including calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus) of 67.3% and LARR of 44.5% whatever the PEF conditions used. [83] Scaling and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) Brackish water, Brackish water + polymer and Brackish water + polymer +oil 3.2 mA/cm2 0.1 s/0.1 s 1 s/1 s 1 s/3 s 3 s/1 s 10 s/10 s 10 s/30 s 100 s/100 s 100 s/300 s 1 (5 Hz) 1 (0.5 Hz) 0.33 (0.25 Hz) 3 (0.25 Hz) 1 (0.05 Hz) 0.33 (0.025 Hz) 1 (5 10−3 Hz) 0.33 (2.5 10−3 Hz) CEM and AEM - Less organic fouling during pulsed regimes of 10 s/30 s and 1 s/3 s - However, more minerals (Na, Ca, O, and S) were spotted on the concentrate side of the AEM. ≈ 0.52 kWh/m3 ≈ 0.57 kWh/m3 ≈ 0.50 kWh/m3 ≈ 0.74 kWh/m3 ≈ 0.64 kWh/m3 ≈ 0.54 kWh/m3 ≈ 0.79 kWh/m3 ≈ 0.69 kWh/m3 ≈ 0.75 kWh/m3 for CC DR ≈ 85.6% DR ≈ 91.5% DR ≈ 89.1% DR ≈ 87.2% DR ≈ 89.3% DR ≈ 88.4% DR ≈ 86.1% DR ≈ 85.7% DR ≈ 84.5% for CC [84]PDF Image | Electrodialytic Processes
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