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Membranes 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 29 of 73 Membranes 2020, 10, 221 28 of 72 FiFgiugurere151.5.ImImppaactctoof frferqeuquenencycy(l(olgoagrairtihthmmicicscsaclael)e)ononthtehededmeminienrearlaizliaztaitoinonrartaete(in(in%%). ).DDataatawwereere obotbatianinededfrformomstsutuddieisesrerpeporotretdedininththeeliltietreartauturereananddwwoorkrkininggwwitihthddiffifefreernent tcoconnddititoionnssananddsosolulutitoionns:s: mmododeleslaslatltsosloulutitoinonss[1[101–01–121,21,2112]1,]a,caicdidwwhehyey[8[38,31,131]3,]s,wsweetewtwhehyey[6[46]4,]p,oploylmymererflfolododinigngprpordoducuecded wwataetrer[8[48]4. ]. Recently, during the recovery of citric and malic acid from cranberry juice by EDBM, it was Recently, during the recovery of citric and malic acid from cranberry juice by EDBM, it was demonstrated that pulse durations of 1 and 2 s with pause durations higher or equal to 1 s were demonstrated that pulse durations of 1 and 2 s with pause durations higher or equal to 1 s were optimum [122] (for more information see Section 4.2.2). The authors also observed that the pause optimum [122] (for more information see Section 4.2.2). The authors also observed that the pause duration should be increased when the pulse duration is increased. According to these authors, duration should be increased when the pulse duration is increased. According to these authors, decreasing the DBL thickness entirely, or to a sufficiently low value, allowed better migration of anions decreasing the DBL thickness entirely, or to a sufficiently low value, allowed better migration of of organic acid, but a pause duration equal or longer than 1 s is needed. Furthermore, when the pulse anions of organic acid, but a pause duration equal or longer than 1 s is needed. Furthermore, when duration is increased, the pause lapse must also be increased. On the opposite, similar lactic acid the pulse duration is increased, the pause lapse must also be increased. On the opposite, similar lactic recovery rates were observed during the acid whey demineralization and lactic acid recovery by ED, acid recovery rates were observed during the acid whey demineralization and lactic acid recovery by when combination of pulse durations between 5 s and 50 s and, pause durations between 5 s and 35 s ED, when combination of pulse durations between 5 s and 50 s and, pause durations between 5 s and were tested: a lactic acid recovery rate of 44.5% was reported [83,113] (Table 1). Such a difference 35 s were tested: a lactic acid recovery rate of 44.5% was reported [83,113] (Table 1). Such a difference would be due to the different migration kinetics of the ionic species present in the solution, since in the would be due to the different migration kinetics of the ionic species present in the solution, since in first case, mainly the anionic forms of citric and malic acids from cranberry juice are migrating through the first case, mainly the anionic forms of citric and malic acids from cranberry juice are migrating the AEM while there was a competitive migration between chlorine, H Cit n− and H P nO− n− amongstn− t h r o u g h t h e A E M w h i l e t h e r e w a s a c o m p e t i t i v e m i g r a t i o n b e t w e e n x c h l y o r i n e , H x Cx i t y y z a n d H x P y O z other salts present in acid whey and the anionic form of lactic acid. Due to the high concentrations of amongst other salts present in acid whey and the anionic form of lactic acid. Due to the high salts and the difference in electrophoretic mobility between salts and anionic forms of organic acids, concentrations of salts and the difference in electrophoretic mobility between salts and anionic forms the effect of PEF is less effective or observable for acid whey. of organic acids, the effect of PEF is less effective or observable for acid whey. Concerning divalent ion selectivity, it was reported that the longer the pause duration, the stronger Concerning divalent ion selectivity, it was reported that the longer the pause duration, the the competition between calcium/magnesium and sodium/potassium at the membrane’s ion-exchange stronger the competition between calcium/magnesium and sodium/potassium at the membrane’s groups and the higher the migration of divalent ions [65,83]. The higher migration rates of Ca2+ and ion-exchange groups and the higher the migration of divalent ions [65,83]. The higher migration rates Mg2+o2b+servedfo2+rPEFconditionwithlongerpauselapsewasexplainedbythepartialrestorationof of Ca and Mg observed for PEF condition with longer pause lapse was explained by the partial (1) the concentration profiles in the solutions adjacent to the membrane surface and (2) the membrane restoration of (1) the concentration profiles in the solutions adjacent to the membrane surface and (2) control over the kinetics of ion separation [65] (see Section 4.2.1 for more explanations). the membrane control over the kinetics of ion separation [65] (see Section 4.2.1 for more explanations). For mass transfer, it seems that a short pulse duration (around 1 s) associated with a short pause For mass transfer, it seems that a short pulse duration (around 1 s) associated with a short pause duration (around 1 s) and corresponding to a ratio of 1 or a frequency over 1 Hz but lower than 100 Hz duration (around 1 s) and corresponding to a ratio of 1 or a frequency over 1 Hz but lower than 100 would be the best conditions. Hz would be the best conditions. Global Process Efficiency Global Process Efficiency It appears from all the previous information that the optimal conditions are different from one It appears from all the previous information that the optimal conditions are different from one solution to another and from one component of the global process efficiency (fouling/scaling mitigation, solution to another and from one component of the global process efficiency (fouling/scaling energy consumption or mass transfer) to another. Hence, to optimize the PEF condition, more than mitigation, energy consumption or mass transfer) to another. Hence, to optimize the PEF condition, more than one component should be taken into account, since these components are linked. Indeed,PDF Image | Electrodialytic Processes
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